Samanta Winck Madruga

Food intake profiles of children aged 12, 24 and 48 months from the 2004 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort: an exploratory analysis using principal components

ObjectivesTo identify food intake profiles of children during their first four years of life and assess its variations according to sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics.MethodsThe Pelotas Birth Cohort Study (Brazil) recruited 4,231 liveborns, who were followed-up at ages 3, 12, 24 and 48 months. Food consumption data of children aged 12, 24 and 48 months was collected using a list of foods consumed during a 24-hour period prior to the interview. The food profiles were identified with the use of principal component analysis (PCA) for each age studied.ResultsFive components were identified at each age, four of them similar in all time points, namely: beverages, milks, staple, and snacks. A meat & vegetables component was identified at 12 and 24 months and a treats component at 48 months. The greatest nutritional differences were found among children from different socioeconomic levels. With regard to the milks component, higher breast milk intake compared to cows milk was seen among poorer children (12- and 24-month old) and higher milk and chocolate powdered milk drink consumption was seen among more affluent children aged 48 months. Poorer children of less educated mothers showed higher adherence to the treats component (48 months). Regarding to the snack component, poorer children consumed more coffee, bread/cookies while more affluent children consumed proportionately more fruits, yogurt and soft drinks. Child care outside of the home was also a factor influencing food profiles more aligned with a healthier diet.ConclusionsThe study results showed that very early in life children show food profiles that are strongly associated with social (maternal schooling, socioeconomic position and child care) and behavioral characteristics (breast-feeding duration, bottle-feeding and pacifier use).

Prevalência e fatores associados à constipação intestinal: um estudo de base populacional em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2007

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of intestinal constipation and associated factors in adults 20 years and older. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the rural area of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, in 2007. Intestinal constipation was defined according to the Rome III criteria. The study began with a descriptive analysis, followed by bivariate and multivariate analyses using Poisson regression. Prevalence of intestinal constipation was 26.9% (95%CI: 25.1-28.8). Women had 2.5 times more constipation than men (36.8% vs. 13.9%). The adjusted analysis showed that risk factors for men were age (>60 years), skin color (black/brown), and low economic status. Among women, age was inversely related, i.e., having a protective effect among the elderly. Intestinal constipation is common in this population. Associated factors were the same for men and women, except socioeconomic status, which showed no association in women.

Epidemiologia das pregas cutâneas triciptal e subescapular elevadas em adolescentes

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever e comparar as pregas cutâneas triciptal (PCT) e subescapular (PCS) de acordo com caracteristicas demograficas, socio-economicas, comportamentais e biologicas em adolescentes de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Realizou-se um estudo transversal aninhado a uma coorte de nascimentos (N = 4.452; media de idade = 11 anos). Os desfechos foram apresentar prega cutânea maior ou igual ao percentil 90 da curva de referencia do National Center for Health Statistics. A prevalencia de PCT e PCS elevada foi, respectivamente, de 20,2% e 17,3% nos meninos e de 14,2% e 10,5% nas meninas. O fator mais fortemente associado com adiposidade nos meninos foi o nivel economico (p < 0,001) e entre as meninas foi o indice de massa corporal materno (p < 0,001). Baixo nivel de atividade fisica (< 300 minutos/semana) esteve associado com PCS elevadas somente entre as meninas, enquanto que escolaridade se associou a PCT e PCS elevada somente entre os meninos. Dieta, cor da pele e comportamento sedentario nao se associaram com nenhum dos desfechos. Concluiu-se que os principais preditores de adiposidade foram caracteristicas maternas e socio-economicas. Recomendam-se investigacoes utilizando-se outras tecnicas de composicao corporal para confirmacao dos achados deste estudo.

Nutritional status of adolescents: the 11-year follow-up of the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study

We evaluate the influence of demographic, socioeconomic, and maternal variables on the nutritional status of adolescents aged 11 years. We conducted a prospective cohort study including 4,452 adolescents born in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, in 1993, accounting for 87.5% of the original cohort. Nutritional status was evaluated based on World Health Organization criteria. Subjects were classified according to nutritional status into thin, normal, overweight and obese. Independent variables analyzed included skin color, socioeconomic status, maternal schooling, and maternal body mass index (BMI). Analyses were stratified by sex, and multivariable regression was performed using the multinomial logistic approach. Overall, 7% of adolescents were classified as thin, 11.6% as overweight, and 11.6% as obese. Among boys, thinness was inversely associated with maternal schooling and maternal BMI. Among girls, thinness was directly associated with maternal BMI. Overweight and obesity were directly associated with socioeconomic status and maternal BMI, the former showing the strongest association with nutritional status among adolescents.

Frequency of fiber-rich food intake and associated factors in a Southern Brazilian population

The objective of this study was to verify the frequency of fiber-rich food intake and evaluate its association with socioeconomic, demographic and behavioral characteristics. A city representative sample was selected and 3,993 subjects (> or =10 years) were interviewed. The study used the Block Screening Questionnaire. A majority of subjects - 65.6% (95%CI: 64.2-67.1)--presented an inadequate intake frequency. Adjusted analysis for the overall sample showed an increased risk of inadequate frequency among men, adolescents, people of lower socioeconomic levels, current smokers, those insufficiently active and those having fewer than four daily meals. Age group-stratified analysis showed that among adolescents, living alone was a risk factor; for adults, risk factors were sex (male), current smoker, insufficiently active and fewer than four daily meals and; among the elderly they were male and being a current smoker. A lower socioeconomic level was associated to the outcome in all groups. Although the inadequate frequency of intake is very common in this population, teenagers are at a higher risk, pointing to a need for public health actions targeting this particular age group.

Fatores associados ao excesso de peso em crianças brasileiras menores de cinco anos

The scope of the study was to identify factors associated with excess weight in Brazilian children less than five years of age. Data from a cross-sectional home-based study entitled the National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) of 2006 were used. The diagnosis of excess weight was performed using the weight-for-height greater than 2 z scores above the median anthropometric standard recommended by the World Health Organization in 2006. The population under study consisted of 4,388 children. The prevalence of excess weight in children was described according to socio-economic, demographic, anthropometric, and behavioral variables. Crude and adjusted analyses were carried out to assess statistical significance stratified by gender using Poisson regression. The prevalence of excess weight was 6.6%. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, maternal body mass index and birth weight were associated with excess weight. Furthermore, being overweight was associated with exclusive breastfeeding for boys and with the socio-economic level and marital status of the mother for girls. The need to implement public policies that act on the major determinants of excess weight since childhood is emphasized.

Consumo de leite e derivados entre adultos e idosos no Sul do Brasil: um estudo de base populacional

This is a population-based cross-sectional study to evaluate the frequency of consumption of dairy products by adults and the elderly in Pelotas in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in accordance with demographic, social and economic characteristics. Frequency of dairy product consumption was obtained by means of a questionnaire containing short, straightforward questions. Information about the type of milk (cows milk, soy, other) and the fat contained in the milk consumed (full-cream, semi-skimmed and skimmed) was also investigated. Heterogeneity, linear trend and chi-square tests were used for the statistical analysis. The prevalence of regular dairy product consumption was 45.9%, and was 1.7 times higher among the elderly compared with 20 to 29-year-olds. Dairy product consumption frequency was higher among women, Caucasians and those with tertiary education. The economic level was significantly and inversely associated with the outcome. Nearly 98% of the sample drink cows milk and 75.5% drink full-fat milk. About 26% of the adults do not drink milk and of these less than 20% consume dairy products daily. Dairy product consumption, especially low-fat products, should be encouraged among adults. Special attention should be given to younger individuals, males, and groups with less education and income.

Consumo de carnes por adolescentes do Sul do Brasil

OBJETIVO: Descrever a frequencia de consumo de diferentes tipos de carnes conforme variaveis sociodemograficas e nutricionais, e analisar o consumo, em adolescentes do Sul do Brasil, de dieta rica em gordura conforme os tipos de carne consumidos. METODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com adolescentes pertencentes a coorte de nascimentos de 1993, em Pelotas (RS). A frequencia de consumo de carnes vermelhas, brancas, visceras e embutidos foi avaliada por um Questionario de Frequencia de Consumo Alimentar, adaptado para este estudo. A ingestao de dieta rica em gordura foi avaliada a partir do instrumento proposto por Block. As variaveis independentes foram sexo, cor da pele, nivel socioeconomico, escolaridade materna e estado nutricional. Nas analises estatisticas, foram utilizados testes Qui-quadrado de heterogeneidade e de tendencia linear. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 4.325 adolescentes com idade media de 14,7, DP=0,3 anos, dos quais 51,2% eram do sexo feminino. A frequencia de consumo diario de carnes vermelhas foi maior do que a de carnes brancas (43,0% e 9,7%, respectivamente). O consumo de embutidos por mais do que quatro vezes por semana foi referido por 48,5% dos individuos, e 81,4% relataram consumir visceras raramente ou nunca. Adolescentes de maior nivel socioeconomico e filhos de maes com maior escolaridade apresentaram maior consumo de carnes vermelhas e embutidos, enquanto aqueles em situacao oposta apresentaram maior consumo de carnes brancas. Adolescentes que consomem carnes com maior frequencia tambem consomem dieta rica em gordura. CONCLUSAO: As carnes consumidas com maior frequencia pelos adolescentes foram as vermelhas e os embutidos. No entanto, adolescentes de maior nivel socioeconomico consomem carnes vermelhas com maior frequencia, enquanto adolescentes menos favorecidos economicamente consomem mais carnes brancas.

Desenho de um questionário de frequência alimentar digital autoaplicado para avaliar o consumo alimentar de adolescentes e adultos jovens: coortes de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul

PURPOSE Methodological paper aiming to describe the development of a digital and self-reported food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), created to the 1982 and 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohorts. METHODS The instrument was created based on FFQs previously applied to subjects belonging to both cohorts in the 2004 and 2008 follow-ups. The FFQ was developed including 88 foods and/or meals where frequencies were clustered from a minimum of never or once/month to a maximum of greater than or equal to 5 times/day. The closed options related to portions were based on a 24-hour recall previously asked to a subsample from the 1993 cohort. Three options for portions were created: equal to, less than or greater than. Equal to portion was described based on the 50 percentile of each food consumed reported in a 24-hour recall. Photographs of portions related to the 50 percentile for each food were also included in the software. RESULTS This digital FFQ included food and meals based on the needs of current researches. The layout of the software was attractive to the staff members as well as to the cohort members. The responding time was 12 minutes and the software allowed several individuals to use it at the same time. Moreover, this instrument dismissed interviewers and double data entry. CONCLUSION It is recommended the use of the same strategy in other studies, adapted to different contexts and situations.Purpose: Methodological paper aiming to describe the development of a digital and self-reported food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), created to the 1982 and 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohorts. Methods: The instrument was created based on FFQs previously applied to subjects belonging to both cohorts in the 2004 and 2008 follow-ups. The FFQ was developed including 88 foods and/or meals where frequencies were clustered from a minimum of never or once/month to a maximum of greater than or equal to 5 times/day. The closed options related to portions were based on a 24-hour recall previously asked to a subsample from the 1993 cohort. Three options for portions were created: equal to, less than or greater than. Equal to portion was described based on the 50 percentile of each food consumed reported in a 24-hour recall. Photographs of portions related to the 50 percentile for each food were also included in the software. Results: This digital FFQ included food and meals based on the needs of current researches. The layout of the software was attractive to the staff members as well as to the cohort members. The responding time was 12 minutes and the software allowed several individuals to use it at the same time. Moreover, this instrument dismissed interviewers and double data entry. Conclusion: It is recommended the use of the same strategy in other studies, adapted to different contexts and situations.

Prevalência de retenção escolar e fatores associados em adolescentes da coorte de nascimentos de 1993 em Pelotas, Brasil

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ocorrencia de retencao escolar ate os 11 anos de idade e os fatores associados a retencao. METODOS: Estudo prospectivo, incluindo 4 452 adolescentes da coorte de nascidos em Pelotas, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, em 1993. A amostra representa 87,5% da coorte original. A retencao escolar foi definida como a repeticao de pelo menos uma serie escolar ate a data da entrevista. As variaveis independentes analisadas foram: sexo, cor da pele, peso ao nascer, indice de bens, idade e escolaridade materna, tipo de escola (privada, estadual ou municipal), idade de ingresso na escola e trabalho. RESULTADOS: A frequencia de retencao escolar foi de 36,3%, sendo de 42,8% entre os meninos e 30,0% entre as meninas. Na analise ajustada, quanto menor a escolaridade da mae, o indice de bens e o peso ao nascer, maior foi o risco de retencao escolar em ambos os sexos. Adolescentes cuja cor da pele era parda/preta, aqueles que frequentavam escolas publicas e aqueles que ingressaram na escola com 7 anos ou mais apresentaram maior risco de retencao escolar. Apenas entre os meninos, o trabalho infantil esteve associado com a ocorrencia de retencao. CONCLUSOES: O baixo nivel socioeconomico e a baixa escolaridade materna foram os fatores mais fortemente associados com a retencao escolar. Estrategias para a reducao desse evento devem levar em consideracao caracteristicas demograficas e socioeconomicas.