Sana M. Ceesay

Atopy, intestinal helminth infection and total serum IgE in rural and urban adult Gambian communities

Background The rarity of atopy in traditional societies has been attributed to high parasite‐driven blocking IgE concentrations. Information is lacking on the relationship between atopy, IgE and intestinal helminth infection in African populations.

The effects of iron supplementation during pregnancy, given by traditional birth attendants, on the prevalence of anaemia and malaria

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled community-based trial of oral iron supplementation (200 mg ferrous sulphate daily) administered to multigravid pregnant women by traditional birth attendants (TBAs) was carried out in a rural area of The Gambia. Iron supplementation led to a significant reduction in the prevalence of anaemia and of iron deficiency. Iron supplementation was not accompanied by increased susceptibility to malaria infection; there was no difference in the prevalence and severity of peripheral blood or placental malaria infection between the 2 groups of women. The birth weight of children born to women who received iron prophylaxis was increased by an average of 56 g. It is concluded that oral iron prophylaxis can be successfully delivered through TBAs integrated into a primary health care programme. This simple intervention can produce significant beneficial effects on the health of the mother without inducing increased susceptibility to malaria and has the potential for reducing perinatal mortality by increasing birth weight.

Family history: an opportunity for early interventions and improved control of hypertension, obesity and diabetes

OBJECTIVE To examine whether a family history of high-risk groups for major noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) was a significant risk factor for these conditions among family members in a study population in the Gambia, where strong community and family coherence are important determinants that have to be taken into consideration in promoting lifestyle changes. METHODS We questioned 5389 adults as to any first-degree family history of major noncommunicable diseases (hypertension, obesity, diabetes and stroke), and measured their blood pressure (BP) and body mass index (BMI). Total blood cholesterol, triglyceride, uric acid, and creatinine concentrations were measured in a stratified subsample, as well as blood glucose (2 hours after ingesting 75 g glucose) in persons aged > or = 35 years. FINDINGS A significant number of subjects reported a family history of hypertension (8.0%), obesity (5.4%), diabetes (3.3%) and stroke (1.4%), with 14.6% of participants reporting any of these NCDs. Subjects with a family history of hypertension had a higher diastolic BP and BMI, higher cholesterol and uric acid concentrations, and an increased risk of obesity. Those with a family history of obesity had a higher BMI and were at increased risk of obesity. Individuals with a family history of diabetes had a higher BMI and higher concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and uric acid, and their risk of obesity and diabetes was increased. Subjects with a family history of stroke had a higher BMI, as well as higher cholesterol, triglyceride and uric acid concentrations. CONCLUSIONS A family history of hypertension, obesity, diabetes, or stroke was a significant risk factor for obesity and hyperlipidaemia. With increase of age, more pathological manifestations can develop in this high-risk group. Health professionals should therefore utilize every opportunity to include direct family members in health education.Objetivo Determinar si la existencia de unos antecedentes familiares de alto riesgo de sufrir enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) constituı́a un factor de riesgo relevante para esas dolencias entre los miembros de la familia en una población de estudio de Gambia, paı́s donde los sólidos lazos comunitarios y la cohesión familiar son determinantes importantes que deben tenerse en cuenta a la hora de promover cambios del estilo de vida. Métodos Pedimos a 5389 adultos que mencionaran cualquier antecedente, entre los familiares de primer grado, de ENT importantes (hipertensión, obesidad, diabetes y accidente cerebrovascular), y medimos su tensión arterial (TA) y su ı́ndice de masa corporal (IMC). Se determinaron las concentraciones de colesterol total, triglicéridos, ácido úrico y creatinina en sangre en una submuestra estratificada, ası́ como la glucosa sanguı́nea (dos horas después de ingerir 75 g de glucosa) en las personas de más de 34 años. Resultados Un número importante de individuos refirieron antecedentes familiares de hipertensión (8,0%), obesidad (5,4%), diabetes (3,3%) y accidente cerebrovascular (1,4%), elevándose al 14,6% los participantes que mencionaron cualquiera de esas ENT. Las personas con antecedentes familiares de hipertensión presentaban una TAdiastólica y un IMC superiores a lamedia, concentracionesmayores de colesterol y de ácido úrico y unmayor riesgo de obesidad. Las personas con historia familiar de obesidad tenı́an un IMC mayor y presentaban un riesgo más elevado de obesidad. Los individuos con antecedentes familiares de diabetes presentaban unmayor IMC, niveles más altos de glucosa, colesterol, triglicéridos y ácido úrico, y unmayor riesgo de obesidad y diabetes. Y los individuos con antecedentes familiares de ictus presentaban un IMC más elevado, ası́ como concentraciones más altas de colesterol, triglicéridos y ácido úrico. Conclusión Unos antecedentes familiares de hipertensión, obesidad, diabetes o accidente cerebrovascular constituyen un factor de riesgo importante de obesidad e hiperlipidemia. Con el aumento de la edad, en este grupo de alto riesgo pueden aparecer más manifestaciones patológicas. Ası́ pues, los profesionales de la salud deben aprovechar cuantas oportunidades tengan de extender a los familiares directos la educación sanitaria.OBJECTIVE: To examine whether a family history of high-risk groups for major noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) was a significant risk factor for these conditions among family members in a study population in the Gambia, where strong community and family coherence are important determinants that have to be taken into consideration in promoting lifestyle changes. METHODS: We questioned 5389 adults as to any first-degree family history of major noncommunicable diseases (hypertension, obesity, diabetes and stroke), and measured their blood pressure (BP) and body mass index (BMI). Total blood cholesterol, triglyceride, uric acid, and creatinine concentrations were measured in a stratified subsample, as well as blood glucose (2 hours after ingesting 75 g glucose) in persons aged 35 years. FINDINGS: A significant number of subjects reported a family history of hypertension (8.0%), obesity (5.4%), diabetes (3.3%) and stroke (1.4%), with 14.6% of participants reporting any of these NCDs. Subjects with a family history of hypertension had a higher diastolic BP and BMI, higher cholesterol and uric acid concentrations, and an increased risk of obesity. Those with a family history of obesity had a higher BMI and were at increased risk of obesity. Individuals with a family history of diabetes had a higher BMI and higher concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and uric acid, and their risk of obesity and diabetes was increased. Subjects with a family history of stroke had a higher BMI, as well as higher cholesterol, triglyceride and uric acid concentrations. CONCLUSION: A family history of hypertension, obesity, diabetes, or stroke was a significant risk factor for obesity and hyperlipidaemia. With increase of age, more pathological manifestations can develop in this high-risk group. Health professionals should therefore utilize every opportunity to include direct family members in health education.

Blood pressure patterns and cardiovascular risk factors in rural and urban Gambian communities

Hypertension is emerging as an important public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. We studied blood pressure (BP) patterns, hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors in a rural and an urban area of The Gambia. A total of 5389 adults (⩾15 years) were selected by cluster sampling in the capital Banjul and a rural area around Farafenni. A questionnaire was completed, BP, pulse rate, height and weight were recorded. Glucose was measured 2 h after a 75 g glucose load among participants ⩾35 years (n = 2301); total cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine and uric acid were measured among a stratified subsample (n = 1075). A total of 7.1% of the study participants had a BP ⩾160/95 mm Hg; 18.4% of them had a BP ⩾140/90 mm Hg. BP was significantly higher in the urban area. BP increased with age in both sexes in both areas. Increasing age was the major independent risk factor for hypertension. Related cardiovascular risk factors (obesity, diabetes and hyperlipidaemia) were significantly more prevalent in the urban area and among hypertensives; 17% of measured hypertensives were aware of this, 73% of people who reported to have been diagnosed as hypertensive before had discontinued treatment; 56% of those who reported being on treatment were normotensive. We conclude that hypertension is no longer rare in either urban or rural Gambians. In the urban site hypertension and related cardiovascular risk factors were more prevalent. Compliance with treatment was low. Interventions aimed at modifying risk factors at the population level, and at improving control of diagnosed hypertension are essential to prevent future increases of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In view of limited resources and feasibility of intervention in rural Gambia, these could initially be directed towards urbanised populations.

Nationwide prevalence study of hypertension and related non‐communicable diseases in The Gambia

The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and obesity in The Gambia was assessed in a 1% population sample of 6048 adults over 15 years of age. 572 (9.5%) subjects were hypertensive according to WHO criteria (a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 95 mmHg or above and/or a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 160 mmHg or above); 325 (5.4%) had a DBP of 95 mmHg or above, and 39 (2.3%) a DBP of 105 mmHg or above; 428 (7.1%) had a SBP of 160 mmHg or above. By less conservative criteria (a DBP of 90 mmHg or above and/or SBP of 140 mmHg or above), 24.2% of subjects were hypertensive. The prevalence of hypertension was similar in the major ethnic groups and in urban and rural communities. Age and obesity were risk factors for hypertension; female sex was an additional risk factor for diastolic hypertension. Several communities had a prevalence of diastolic hypertension double the national rate, and significant community clustering of diastolic hypertension (P < 0.01) was confirmed by Monte Carlo methods. Genetic and/or localized environmental factors (such as diet or Schistosoma haematobium infection), may be involved. 140 (2.3%) subjects were obese. Obesity was associated with female sex, increasing age, urban environment, non‐manual work and diastolic hypertension. Only 14 (0.3%) subjects were found to be diabetic. Hypertension appears to be very prevalent in The Gambia, with a substantial population at risk of developing target organ damage. Further studies to delineate this risk and appropriate interventions to reduce it are needed.

Asthma, smoking and chronic cough in rural and urban adult communities in The Gambia

Background Asthma is reported to be rare in traditional rural communities, but is thought to be increasing as lifestyles become more urbanized or ‘western’.

The Response to Iron Supplementation of Pregnant Women With the Haemoglobin Genotype AA or AS

The influence of haemoglobin genotype on the response to iron supplementation was studied in a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 497 multigravid pregnant women from a rural area of The Gambia. Women were randomly allocated to receive either oral iron (60mg elemental iron per day) or placebo. At 36 weeks of pregnancy, women who had received oral iron during pregnancy had higher mean haemoglobin, packed cell volume, plasma iron and ferritin levels than did women who received placebo. Iron supplementation of pregnant women with the AA haemoglobin genotype also resulted in increases in the packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin level measured after delivery, and in the birth weight of the infant. However, in AS women PCV and haemoglobin level at delivery were lower in the supplemented group and supplementation was also associated with reduced birth weights. In malaria endemic areas, pregnant women with the haemoglobin genotype AS may not benefit from iron supplementation during pregnancy.

Is there a role for glycosuria testing in sub-Saharan Africa ?

Summary background With increasing urbanization and westernization, rates of diabetes in sub‐Saharan Africa (sSA) are likely to rise. Early detection and intervention plays an important role in delaying development of complications. In sSA in particular there is need for an affordable, reliable, safe, feasible test to avert human suffering and exhausting already stressed health facilities.

Antecedentes familiares: una oportunidad para intervenir precozmente y mejorar el control de la hipertensión, la obesidad y la diabetes

OBJECTIVE To examine whether a family history of high-risk groups for major noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) was a significant risk factor for these conditions among family members in a study population in the Gambia, where strong community and family coherence are important determinants that have to be taken into consideration in promoting lifestyle changes. METHODS We questioned 5389 adults as to any first-degree family history of major noncommunicable diseases (hypertension, obesity, diabetes and stroke), and measured their blood pressure (BP) and body mass index (BMI). Total blood cholesterol, triglyceride, uric acid, and creatinine concentrations were measured in a stratified subsample, as well as blood glucose (2 hours after ingesting 75 g glucose) in persons aged > or = 35 years. FINDINGS A significant number of subjects reported a family history of hypertension (8.0%), obesity (5.4%), diabetes (3.3%) and stroke (1.4%), with 14.6% of participants reporting any of these NCDs. Subjects with a family history of hypertension had a higher diastolic BP and BMI, higher cholesterol and uric acid concentrations, and an increased risk of obesity. Those with a family history of obesity had a higher BMI and were at increased risk of obesity. Individuals with a family history of diabetes had a higher BMI and higher concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and uric acid, and their risk of obesity and diabetes was increased. Subjects with a family history of stroke had a higher BMI, as well as higher cholesterol, triglyceride and uric acid concentrations. CONCLUSIONS A family history of hypertension, obesity, diabetes, or stroke was a significant risk factor for obesity and hyperlipidaemia. With increase of age, more pathological manifestations can develop in this high-risk group. Health professionals should therefore utilize every opportunity to include direct family members in health education.Objetivo Determinar si la existencia de unos antecedentes familiares de alto riesgo de sufrir enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) constituı́a un factor de riesgo relevante para esas dolencias entre los miembros de la familia en una población de estudio de Gambia, paı́s donde los sólidos lazos comunitarios y la cohesión familiar son determinantes importantes que deben tenerse en cuenta a la hora de promover cambios del estilo de vida. Métodos Pedimos a 5389 adultos que mencionaran cualquier antecedente, entre los familiares de primer grado, de ENT importantes (hipertensión, obesidad, diabetes y accidente cerebrovascular), y medimos su tensión arterial (TA) y su ı́ndice de masa corporal (IMC). Se determinaron las concentraciones de colesterol total, triglicéridos, ácido úrico y creatinina en sangre en una submuestra estratificada, ası́ como la glucosa sanguı́nea (dos horas después de ingerir 75 g de glucosa) en las personas de más de 34 años. Resultados Un número importante de individuos refirieron antecedentes familiares de hipertensión (8,0%), obesidad (5,4%), diabetes (3,3%) y accidente cerebrovascular (1,4%), elevándose al 14,6% los participantes que mencionaron cualquiera de esas ENT. Las personas con antecedentes familiares de hipertensión presentaban una TAdiastólica y un IMC superiores a lamedia, concentracionesmayores de colesterol y de ácido úrico y unmayor riesgo de obesidad. Las personas con historia familiar de obesidad tenı́an un IMC mayor y presentaban un riesgo más elevado de obesidad. Los individuos con antecedentes familiares de diabetes presentaban unmayor IMC, niveles más altos de glucosa, colesterol, triglicéridos y ácido úrico, y unmayor riesgo de obesidad y diabetes. Y los individuos con antecedentes familiares de ictus presentaban un IMC más elevado, ası́ como concentraciones más altas de colesterol, triglicéridos y ácido úrico. Conclusión Unos antecedentes familiares de hipertensión, obesidad, diabetes o accidente cerebrovascular constituyen un factor de riesgo importante de obesidad e hiperlipidemia. Con el aumento de la edad, en este grupo de alto riesgo pueden aparecer más manifestaciones patológicas. Ası́ pues, los profesionales de la salud deben aprovechar cuantas oportunidades tengan de extender a los familiares directos la educación sanitaria.OBJECTIVE: To examine whether a family history of high-risk groups for major noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) was a significant risk factor for these conditions among family members in a study population in the Gambia, where strong community and family coherence are important determinants that have to be taken into consideration in promoting lifestyle changes. METHODS: We questioned 5389 adults as to any first-degree family history of major noncommunicable diseases (hypertension, obesity, diabetes and stroke), and measured their blood pressure (BP) and body mass index (BMI). Total blood cholesterol, triglyceride, uric acid, and creatinine concentrations were measured in a stratified subsample, as well as blood glucose (2 hours after ingesting 75 g glucose) in persons aged 35 years. FINDINGS: A significant number of subjects reported a family history of hypertension (8.0%), obesity (5.4%), diabetes (3.3%) and stroke (1.4%), with 14.6% of participants reporting any of these NCDs. Subjects with a family history of hypertension had a higher diastolic BP and BMI, higher cholesterol and uric acid concentrations, and an increased risk of obesity. Those with a family history of obesity had a higher BMI and were at increased risk of obesity. Individuals with a family history of diabetes had a higher BMI and higher concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and uric acid, and their risk of obesity and diabetes was increased. Subjects with a family history of stroke had a higher BMI, as well as higher cholesterol, triglyceride and uric acid concentrations. CONCLUSION: A family history of hypertension, obesity, diabetes, or stroke was a significant risk factor for obesity and hyperlipidaemia. With increase of age, more pathological manifestations can develop in this high-risk group. Health professionals should therefore utilize every opportunity to include direct family members in health education.

Bulletin of the World Health Organization

OBJECTIVE To examine whether a family history of high-risk groups for major noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) was a significant risk factor for these conditions among family members in a study population in the Gambia, where strong community and family coherence are important determinants that have to be taken into consideration in promoting lifestyle changes. METHODS We questioned 5389 adults as to any first-degree family history of major noncommunicable diseases (hypertension, obesity, diabetes and stroke), and measured their blood pressure (BP) and body mass index (BMI). Total blood cholesterol, triglyceride, uric acid, and creatinine concentrations were measured in a stratified subsample, as well as blood glucose (2 hours after ingesting 75 g glucose) in persons aged > or = 35 years. FINDINGS A significant number of subjects reported a family history of hypertension (8.0%), obesity (5.4%), diabetes (3.3%) and stroke (1.4%), with 14.6% of participants reporting any of these NCDs. Subjects with a family history of hypertension had a higher diastolic BP and BMI, higher cholesterol and uric acid concentrations, and an increased risk of obesity. Those with a family history of obesity had a higher BMI and were at increased risk of obesity. Individuals with a family history of diabetes had a higher BMI and higher concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and uric acid, and their risk of obesity and diabetes was increased. Subjects with a family history of stroke had a higher BMI, as well as higher cholesterol, triglyceride and uric acid concentrations. CONCLUSIONS A family history of hypertension, obesity, diabetes, or stroke was a significant risk factor for obesity and hyperlipidaemia. With increase of age, more pathological manifestations can develop in this high-risk group. Health professionals should therefore utilize every opportunity to include direct family members in health education.Objetivo Determinar si la existencia de unos antecedentes familiares de alto riesgo de sufrir enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) constituı́a un factor de riesgo relevante para esas dolencias entre los miembros de la familia en una población de estudio de Gambia, paı́s donde los sólidos lazos comunitarios y la cohesión familiar son determinantes importantes que deben tenerse en cuenta a la hora de promover cambios del estilo de vida. Métodos Pedimos a 5389 adultos que mencionaran cualquier antecedente, entre los familiares de primer grado, de ENT importantes (hipertensión, obesidad, diabetes y accidente cerebrovascular), y medimos su tensión arterial (TA) y su ı́ndice de masa corporal (IMC). Se determinaron las concentraciones de colesterol total, triglicéridos, ácido úrico y creatinina en sangre en una submuestra estratificada, ası́ como la glucosa sanguı́nea (dos horas después de ingerir 75 g de glucosa) en las personas de más de 34 años. Resultados Un número importante de individuos refirieron antecedentes familiares de hipertensión (8,0%), obesidad (5,4%), diabetes (3,3%) y accidente cerebrovascular (1,4%), elevándose al 14,6% los participantes que mencionaron cualquiera de esas ENT. Las personas con antecedentes familiares de hipertensión presentaban una TAdiastólica y un IMC superiores a lamedia, concentracionesmayores de colesterol y de ácido úrico y unmayor riesgo de obesidad. Las personas con historia familiar de obesidad tenı́an un IMC mayor y presentaban un riesgo más elevado de obesidad. Los individuos con antecedentes familiares de diabetes presentaban unmayor IMC, niveles más altos de glucosa, colesterol, triglicéridos y ácido úrico, y unmayor riesgo de obesidad y diabetes. Y los individuos con antecedentes familiares de ictus presentaban un IMC más elevado, ası́ como concentraciones más altas de colesterol, triglicéridos y ácido úrico. Conclusión Unos antecedentes familiares de hipertensión, obesidad, diabetes o accidente cerebrovascular constituyen un factor de riesgo importante de obesidad e hiperlipidemia. Con el aumento de la edad, en este grupo de alto riesgo pueden aparecer más manifestaciones patológicas. Ası́ pues, los profesionales de la salud deben aprovechar cuantas oportunidades tengan de extender a los familiares directos la educación sanitaria.OBJECTIVE: To examine whether a family history of high-risk groups for major noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) was a significant risk factor for these conditions among family members in a study population in the Gambia, where strong community and family coherence are important determinants that have to be taken into consideration in promoting lifestyle changes. METHODS: We questioned 5389 adults as to any first-degree family history of major noncommunicable diseases (hypertension, obesity, diabetes and stroke), and measured their blood pressure (BP) and body mass index (BMI). Total blood cholesterol, triglyceride, uric acid, and creatinine concentrations were measured in a stratified subsample, as well as blood glucose (2 hours after ingesting 75 g glucose) in persons aged 35 years. FINDINGS: A significant number of subjects reported a family history of hypertension (8.0%), obesity (5.4%), diabetes (3.3%) and stroke (1.4%), with 14.6% of participants reporting any of these NCDs. Subjects with a family history of hypertension had a higher diastolic BP and BMI, higher cholesterol and uric acid concentrations, and an increased risk of obesity. Those with a family history of obesity had a higher BMI and were at increased risk of obesity. Individuals with a family history of diabetes had a higher BMI and higher concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and uric acid, and their risk of obesity and diabetes was increased. Subjects with a family history of stroke had a higher BMI, as well as higher cholesterol, triglyceride and uric acid concentrations. CONCLUSION: A family history of hypertension, obesity, diabetes, or stroke was a significant risk factor for obesity and hyperlipidaemia. With increase of age, more pathological manifestations can develop in this high-risk group. Health professionals should therefore utilize every opportunity to include direct family members in health education.