Sandeep Soni

Role of Polymeric Biomaterials as Wound Healing Agents

In uncontrolled hemorrhage, the main cause of death on the battlefield and in accidents, half of the deaths are caused by severe blood loss. Polymeric biomaterials have great potential in the control of severe hemorrhage from trauma, which is the second leading cause of death in the civilian community following central nervous system injuries. The intent of this article is to provide a review on currently available biopolymers used as wound dressing agents and to describe their best use as it relates to the condition and type of the wound (acute, chronic, superficial, and full thickness) and the phases of the wound healing process. These biopolymers are beneficial in tissue engineering as scaffolds, hydrogels, and films. Different types of wound dressings based on biopolymers are available in the market, with various physical, chemical, and biological properties. The use of biopolymers as a hemostatic agent depends on its biocompatibility, biodegradability, nonimmunogenicity, and optimal mechanical property. This review summarizes different biopolymers, their physiological characters, and their use as wound healing agents along with biomedical applications.

Edetate calcium disodium nanoparticle dry powder inhalation: A novel approach against heavy metal decorporation

Objective was to develop and characterize nano-edetate calcium disodium (Ca-Na(2)EDTA) dry powder inhaler (DPI), and assess its in vitro and in vivo deposition using pharmacoscintigraphy techniques. Factors influencing nanoparticle formation including concentration of drug, polymer solution and stirring rate were determined. Optimized formulation was characterized with the help of SEM, TEM and Malvern Zetasizer studies. Any change in physical characteristics after nanosizing was determined by FT-IR, XRD and DSC studies. Anderson cascade impaction showed that nano Ca-Na(2)EDTA exhibited significantly higher respirable fraction of 67.35±2.27% and 66.40±2.87% by scintigraphic and spectroscopic analysis respectively, as compared to 10.08±1.17% and 9.36±1.02% respectively for micronized form. Ventilation lung scintigraphy done in 12 volunteers showed significant increase in drug delivery till alveolar region with nano Ca-Na(2)EDTA. The developed formulation may have a role in neutralizing heavy metal toxicity through inhalation route, including radio-metal contamination.

Salivary biochemical markers as potential acute toxicity parameters for acute radiation injury A study on small experimental animals

Researchers have been evaluating several biodosimetric/screening approaches to assess acute radiation injury, related to mass causality. Keeping in mind this background, we hypothesized that effect of whole-body irradiation in single fraction in graded doses can affect the secretion of various salivary components that could be used as acute radiation injury/toxicity marker, which can be used in screening of large population at the time of nuclear accidents/disaster. Thirty Sprague Dawley rats treated with whole-body cobalt-60 gamma irradiation of dose 1–5 Gy (dose rate: 0.95 Gy/min) were included in this study. Whole mixed saliva was collected from all animals before and after radiation up to 72 h postradiation. Saliva was analyzed for electrolytes, total protein, urea, and amylase. Intragroup comparison of salivary parameters at different radiation doses showed significant differences. Potassium was significantly increased as the dose increased from 1 Gy to 5 Gy (p < 0.01) with effect size of difference (r > 0.5). Sodium was significantly altered after 3–5 Gy (p < 0.01, r > 0.5), except 1 and 2 Gy, whereas changes in sodium level were nonsignificant (p > 0.5). Urea, total protein, and amylase levels were also significantly increased as the radiation dose increased (p < 0.01) with large effect size of difference (r > 0.5). This study suggests that salivary parameters were sensitive toward radiation even at low radiation dose which can be used as a predictor of radiation injury.

A new method for radiolabeling of human immunoglobulin-G and its biological evaluation.

Background: Radiolabeled human Immunoglobulin-G (hIgG) has demonstrated its utility in inflammation and infection imaging. However, the present method of radiolabeling hIgG is time-consuming and complex. Objective: To develop a simplified method of radiolabeling hIgG with technetium-99m (99mTc) via a nicotinyl hydrazine derivative (99mTc-HYNIC-hIgG) and its biological evaluation. Results: In vitro and in vivo studies showed that 99mTc-hIgG prepared by this method was fairly stable in physiological saline and human serum till 24 h. Only 4.3% degradation of the radiolabeled drug was seen till 24 h. Blood clearance pattern of the radiopharmaceutical exhibited biphasic exponential pattern. Biodistribution of 99mTc-HYNIC-hIgG in mice was observed up to 24 h. Significant accumulation of the radiotracer was found in liver (4.93 %), kidney (3.67%) and intestine (2.12 %) at 4 h interval by 24 h interval, it was reduced to 1.99%, 2.18% and 1.93 % respectively. Significant amount of radioactivity in liver, kidney and intestine suggest hepatobilliary as well as renal route of clearance for 99mTc-HYNIC-hIgG. The anterior whole body and spot scintigraphy images showed increased uptake of 99mTc-HYNIC-hIgG, with the area seen as a focal hot spot, indicating good localization of the radiolabeled hIgG at the site of infection. Conclusion: The present findings indicate that 99mTc-HYNIC-hIgG holds great potential for the scintigraphy localization of inflammation. The shelf life of the developed kit, when stored at (–) 20°C was found to be at least 3 months.

An experimental study of wireless transceiver of modulation schemes using Software Defined Radio

SDR is nothing but software defined radio technique using laboratory virtual instrument engineering workbench (LabVIEW) as software to mark the radio utilities hardware implemented i.e. universal software defined radio (USRP). In the advancement of SDR implemented LabVIEW to develop as instrument that offers function to support SDR. SDR is the root of innovative wireless communication environment that support both types of fading i.e. short term and long term even composite fading too to create realistic scenario. USRP was a device to develop as a high speed, lower cost and user friendly SRD platform. This paper presents the experimental implementation of LabVIEW and USRP for mounting software and hardware based wireless channel transmission and reception environments for different modulation scheme as constellation diagram, eye diagram and bit error rate (BER), transmitting from TX1 of USRP1 to receiving at RX1 at USRP2. USRP, Software Defined Radio are RF software programmable radio transceiver designed for wireless communication environments.

Preclinical safety evaluation of submicronized sildenafil citrate nebulization solution in small experimental animals.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Sildenafil citrate (SC) nebulization solution has the potential to treat pulmonary hypertension by delivering high concentration directly to the respiratory system while minimizing systemic drug exposure and associated toxicity. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential toxicity of aerosolized SC (inhaled) in Sprague dawley rats for 28 days. Materials and methods: The rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6). Placebo (normal saline) was inhaled to group I (control). Group II was exposed to therapeutic dose (TD): 20 mg/kg, while group 3 and group 4 were exposed to 3TD and 6TD, respectively, till 28 days and toxicokinetic parameters were evaluated in group V. The particle size of the nebulized solution of SC (1%) was measured by using Anderson Cascade Impactor. At the end of experiment, all animals were sacrificed. Endpoints used to evaluate potential toxicity of inhaled sildenafil citrate were clinical observations, body weight, and clinical pathology along with broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) Fluid investigation. Results and conclusions: ACI study has shown that more than 70% aerosolized drug particles were in submicron range (0.3–0.5μm). There was no systemic toxicity or clinically limiting local respiratory toxicity associated with inhalation exposure to SC nebulization solution at 6TD. No significant changes were observed in the level of different blood and BALF parameters in treated groups in comparison to control. Histopathological examination revealed no abnormal findings in the animals of treated group. The data demonstrate that aerosolized sildenafil citrate is well tolerated in rats and suggest its use in humans.

Evaluation of Gamma Radiation-Induced Biochemical Changes in Skin for Dose Assesment: A Study on Small Experimental Animals

OBJECTIVE Researchers have been evaluating several approaches to assess acute radiation injury/toxicity markers owing to radiation exposure. Keeping in mind this background, we assumed that whole-body irradiation in single fraction in graded doses can affect the antioxidant profile in skin that could be used as an acute radiation injury/toxicity marker. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with CO-60 gamma radiation (dose: 1-5 Gy; dose rate: 0.85 Gy/minute). Skin samples were collected (before and after radiation up to 72 hours) and analyzed for glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and lipid peroxidation (LPx). RESULTS Intra-group comparison showed significant differences in GSH, GPx, SOD, and CAT, and they declined in a dose-dependent manner from 1 to 5 Gy (P value0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that skin antioxidants were sensitive toward radiation even at a low radiation dose, which can be used as a predictor of radiation injury and altered in a dose-dependent manner. These biochemical parameters may have wider application in the evaluation of radiation-induced skin injury and dose assessment. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:197-202).

Performance analysis of blind eigen value with multiple antenna based spectrum sensing in cognitive radio

Spectrum sensing (SS) is one of the key functions of cognitive radio networks (CRNs) whether the band or sub-band of spectrum is available or not for secondary users (SUs) i.e. cognitive radios (CRs). In this paper, the authors considered the problem of the spectrum sensing i.e. detection of the primary users under the case of unknown signal and noise levels. The detection method of primary user is based on Blind Eigen value for as well as multiple antenna system is considered for spectrum sensing. On the increment of one, more receivers gave the better performance of detection as compared to increasing thousands of received signal samples or increasing covariance variable for Eigen value based spectrum sensing.

Novel approximation to average symbol error rate probability of composite Nakagami-m/log-normal fading channel

This paper presents a closed-form probability distribution function of a composite Nakagami-m/log-normal (NL) fading channel. The approach uses Holtzman efficient procedure to approximate the composite function. The obtained closed-form results are accurate for severe multipath fading and light shadowed fading channels and facilitate to derive the significant performance metric of a communication system such as the Average Bit Error Probability (ABEP) of coherent modulation format including binary orthogonal, antipodal, MPSK and MPAM is obtained in the composite Nakagami-m/lognormal fading channels.

Multiple parametric approaches to assess acute radiation lung injury of rats

The effect of whole body gamma irradiation (WBI) in single fraction was studied, as well as its influence on the secretion of various biochemical markers and cellular component that could be used as acute radiation lung injury marker. Sprague dawley rats were treated with WBI (60Co) of radiation dose from 1 Gy to 5 Gy (dose rate - 0.95 Gy/min). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was retrieved from all animals in control and radiation treated groups up to 72 h post radiation. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH ), acid phosphatase (AP ), alkaline phosphatase (ALP ), cell count and total protein. Intragroup and intergroup comparison of BALF parameters at different radiation doses showed significant difference. LDH was significantly increased as the dose increased from 1Gy to 5Gy (P = 0.00) after 2 h with effect size of difference (r > 0.3). ALP was significantly altered after 3Gy and 4Gy (P < 0.05). AP was significantly altered at 2Gy-5Gy (p < 0.05). Total protein level changed significantly from 1Gy to 5Gy (P < 0.00). Cellular content of BALF showed significant changes after radiation exposure. BALF parameters like LDH, AP, ALP, neutrophils, lymphocytes, total leukocyte count and total protein were sensitive to radiation exposure and their levels vary significantly up to 72 h after single whole body radiation exposure in Sprague dawley rats. It can be concluded that the biochemical indices in BALF have more wide application in evaluation of acute radiation induced lung injury.