Santun R.P. Sitorus

Analisis Kelayakan Ekonomi, Keberlanjutan Usahatani dan Faktor-Faktor Penentu Adopsi Benih Jagung Transgenik di Indonesia

English An ex ante valuation was carried out to determine economic feasibility and sustainability of transgenic Bt and RR corn seeds adoption at farm level. Farm surveys were conducted in East Java and Lampung provinces to collect data from the existing corn farms. Data were analyzed using methods of input-output analysis, contingent valuation method (CVM) and multi-attribute value theory (MAVT). Simulated input-output analysis (with vs without) was conducted using previously available trial data and reference from a neighbor country. For analyzing factors enabling effective adoption of transgenic corn, some experts were requested to weigh potential alternatives based on various criteria, sub-criteria and indicators employing analytical hierarchy process (AHP) technique. Feasibility valuation showed that transgenic corn provides higher farm revenue than that of conventional hybrid corn, i.e., Rp. 10.7 – 14.4 million and Rp. 10.2 – 12.4 million per hectare, respectively. Majority of farmers were willing to pay higher price for transgenic corn seeds but not exceeding 10% of hybrid corn seeds price. Sustainability index calculated at farm level showed slightly higher aggregate index of transgenic corn seeds adoption compared to that of existing hybrid corn. Institutional framework and capacity, regulation and public perception were seen as the most critical factors in ensuring successful adoption of transgenic seeds in Indonesia. Indonesian Valuasi ex ante dilakukan untuk menentukan kelayakan ekonomi dan keberlanjutan adopsi jagung transgenik BT dan RR pada tingkat usahatani. Survai usahatani dilaksanakan di dua provinsi, Jawa Timur dan Lampung, untuk mengumpulkan data usahatani jagung. Data diolah dengan beberapa metode, yakni analisis input-output, contingent valuation method (CVM) dan multi-attribute value theory (MAVT). Analisis input-output yang disimulasikan (dengan vs tanpa) dilakukan dengan menggunakan data percobaan sebelumnya dan merujuk pada data dari negara tetangga. Untuk analisis faktor-faktor penentu adopsi tanaman transgenik yang efektif dilakukan wawancara dengan beberapa pakar untuk menimbang alternatif-alternatif potensial berdasarkan berbagai kriteria, subkriteria dan indikator dengan menggunakan teknik analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Hasil valuasi kelayakan menunjukkan bahwa jagung transgenik memberikan penerimaan usahatani lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan jagung hibrida konvensional, yakni masing-masing Rp 10,7 – 14,4 juta dan Rp 10,2 – 12,4 juta per hektar. Sebagian besar petani bersedia membayar lebih mahal untuk benih jagung transgenik, namun tidak melebihi 10% dari harga benih jagung hibrida saat penelitian ini. Indeks keberlanjutan yang dihitung pada tingkat usahatani menunjukkan indeks agregat yang sedikit lebih tinggi dengan adopsi benih jagung transgenik dibandingkan dengan jagung hibrida. Kerangka dan kapasitas kelembagaan, regulasi, dan persepsi publik dinilai sebagai faktor-faktor paling kritikal bagi keberhasilan adopsi benih tanaman transgenik di Indonesia.

DINAMIKA PERTUMBUHAN DAN STATUS KEBERLANJUTAN KAWASAN PERMUKIMAN DI PINGGIRAN KOTA WILAYAH METROPOLITAN JAKARTA

ABSTRAK Kabupaten Maluku Tenggara Barat secara umum dikategorikan sebagai wilayah kepulauan maritim karena dominasi sumberdaya alam maupun masyarakat berbasis pada jasa kelautan. Sejauh ini, kebutuhan makanan di wilayah ini masih tergantung dari wilayah lain seperti Jawa dan Sulawesi. Penelitian ini mengembangkan konsep evaluasi potensi lahan pertanian berdasarkan data sistem lahan dan informasi fisik lahan terkini. Interpretasi citra satelit dilakukan untuk perolehan data fisik lahan yang diintegrasikan dengan data sistem lahan dengan menggunakan Sistem Informasi Geografis dalam analisis spasial potensi lahan pertanian tersebut. Penerapan konsep pengembangan lahan pertanian yang digunakan menghasilkan tiga jenis potensi lahan yaitu pertanian padi sawah, pertanian lahan kering, dan pengembangan tanaman tahunan. Namun demikian, hasil penelitian masih merupakan informasi awal zonasi lahan yang memiliki potensi tersebut, dan dapat digunakan sebagai data awal untuk pengembangan lebih lanjut terhadap kesesuaian jenis pertanian sampai dengan jenis komoditasnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa wilayah kabupaten ini memiliki areal potensi lahan pertanian sawah dengan kelas sesuai marginal (S3) seluas 53.000 ha atau 8,7 % dari total wilayah, potensi lahan pertanian lahan kering dengan kelas sesuai marginal (S3) seluas 44.000 ha atau 9,9 % dari total wilayah. Berdasarkan hasil analisis ini, potensi pengembangan lahan pertanian di wilayah kepulauan maritim ini cukup besar meskipun dalam kategori sesuai marginal. Lahan dengan kondisi seperti ini mempunyai pembatas-pembatas yang besar, oleh karena itu upaya-upaya manajemen pada tingkat pengelolaan harus diterapkan. Informasi spasial memiliki peran penting dalam rangka mendukung program ketahanan pangan nasional. Kata Kunci: Lahan Pertanian, Zonasi Lahan, Kepulauan Maritim, Lahan Marginal, Pengembangan Lahan. ABSTRACT In general, Maluku Tenggara Barat Regency is considered as a maritime archipelago due to the dominance of both natural and social resources which are mainly supported by marine base services. So far, basic food needs of the region constantly depend on food production from other areas, such as Java and Sulawesi. This research developed a concept of potential agriculture site selection base on land system and current physical land information. Moreover, satellite image interpretation was used to obtain land physical data. Integration of these data with land use and land system data using a Geographic Information System tool to perform spatial analysis in order to obtaina potential farmland classification. This analysis result in three types of potential agricultural land namely wetland rice agriculture, dry land agriculture, and annual crops agriculture. This results show provisional information which has potential use for land zonation. Accordingly, the results can be used as input for further development of feasibility study for defining agricultural zone and crop types. The potential farmland class shows that land area potential for developing wetland rice agricultural amounted for 53 thousand hectares (8.7% of the total area) and dry land agricultural amounted for 44,000 hectares (9.9% of the total area); both fall in marginally suitable class (S3). Looking at the number, the potential area for developing agricultural in the maritime archipelago is actually quite large, although those are fall in the category of marginally suitable. Land in this category has great physical limitations, so that maintenance at the level of management should be implemented. This kind of spatial information actually has in important role in supporting national food security. Keywords: Agricultural Land, Land Use Zoning, Maritime Islands, Marginal Land, Development Land.

Alternatif Model Usahatani Konservasi Tanaman Sayuran di Hulu Sub-DAS Cikapundung

ABSTRAK. Karat putih yang disebabkan oleh Puccinia horiana merupakan salah satu penyakit pada krisan yang dapat menimbulkan kehilangan hasil sampai 100% . Selama ini untuk mengendalikan patogen tersebut, petani sering menggunakan pestisida kimiawi. Hal tersebut sangat mengkhawatirkan mengingat penggunaan fungisida sintetik secara berlebihan dapat mencemari lingkungan yang membahayakan bagi kehidupan makhluk hidup. Oleh karena itu, cara pengendalian alternatif yang efektif dan aman bagi lingkungan diperlukan untuk mengendalikan penyakit karat putih pada krisan. Salah satu alternatif cara pengendalian penyakit karat yaitu dengan mengaplikasikan biopestisida yang ramah lingkungan. Penelitian dilakukan di laboratorium, rumah kaca, dan rumah plastik Kebun Percobaan Balai Penelitian Tanaman Hias (1.100 m dpl), pada bulan April 2009 sampai Februari 2010. Tiga spesies bakteri antagonis sebagai bahan aktif biopestisida (Bacillus subtilis Cs 1a, Corynebacterium sp.1, dan Pseudomonas flurescens 3 Sm) dan bahan pembawa (campuran antara ekstrak kascing, molase, gula pasir, dan atau kentang), masing-masing diformulasi dalam 12 jenis formula biopestisida cair. Formulasi biopestisida difermentasikan selama 3 minggu dalam keadaan aerobik menggunakan biofermentor. Viabilitas bahan aktif dalam bahan pembawa diuji setiap bulan, yaitu pada periode sebelum dan sesudah fermentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa populasi bahan aktif setelah difermentasi selama 3 minggu selalu meningkat, populasi bahan aktif sebelum fermentasi sejumlah 105 cfu/ml meningkat menjadi 106-7 cfu/ml. Dua bulan setelah fermentasi, populasi bahan aktif biopestisida masih tetap tinggi yaitu berkisar antara 106-11 cfu/ml. Perlakuan ekstrak kascing + gula pasir + B. subtilis + P. fluorescens + Corynebacterium pada tingkat konsentrasi 0,3% merupakan perlakuan terbaik. Disamping dapat menekan intensitas serangan P. horiana (38,49%), formulasi biopestisida tersebut juga dapat menaikkan hasil panen bunga krisan layak jual sebanyak 14,58%. ABSTRACT. Hanudin, W. Nuryani, E. Silvia, I. Djatnika, and B. Marwoto. 2010. Formulation of Biopesticide Containing Bacilllus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Corynebacterium sp. for Controlling White Rust Disease on Chrysanthemum. White rust caused by Puccinia horiana is one of the contagious diseases of chrysanthemum that is able to cause yield losses up to 100%. Chemical synthetic fungicides have been used to control the disease. Because of harmful effects of the synthetic fungicides, the other alternative measure to control the disease have to be developed in order to support the sustainable farming system. One of the recommended control measures is the application of biopesticide which is environmentaly friendly. The experiments were conducted in the laboratory, glasshouse, and plastichouse of Indonesia Ornamental Crops Research Institute (1,100 m asl), from April 2009–February 2010. Three candidates of biocontrol agents, i.e. B. subtilis Cs 1a, Corynebacterium sp.1, and P. fluorescens 3 Sm, were formulated with organic basal medium made from fermented worm manure, molasses, sugar, and or potatoes extracts. Twelve formulations were tested for their effectiveness to control the disease in the field. The viability of the biocontrol agents in the formulations was monthly tested before and after fermentation process during storage. Population of the biocontrol agents, after fermentation for 3 weeks was increased from 105 to 106-7 cfu/ml. Two months after fermentation the population of the biocontrol agents was still high (106-11 cfu/ml). The results showed that the formulation of vermicompost + sugar + B. subtilis + P. fluorescens + Corynebacterium at the concentration level of 0.3%, was proven to be the best treatment. The treatment was effective to supress white rust up to 38.49%, and could also increase the yield of marketable chrysanthemum flowers up to 14.58%.ABSTRAK. Pertanaman jeruk saat ini, di Kabupaten Karo, memperlihatkan produktivitas rendah dan umur tanaman yang pendek. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh serangan Phytophthora spp. yang merupakan patogen penyebab penyakit busuk pangkal batang pada tanaman jeruk. Penelitian bertujuan mengidentifikasi Phytophthora spp., patogen penyebab penyakit busuk pangkal batang pada tanaman jeruk. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Penyakit, Kebun Percobaan Tanaman Buah Berastagi dalam bulan Januari-Februari 2007. Daerah pengambilan sampel ialah di Desa Sumbul Kecamatan Kabanjahe, dan Desa Barusjahe Kecamatan Barusjahe. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jamur Phytophthora palmivora, P. citrophthora, dan P. parasitica ditemukan di Desa Sumbul. Jamur P. citrophthora dan P. parasitica juga diperoleh di Desa Barusjahe. Sporangia dan misellium P. palmivora di Desa Sumbul berwarna merah jambu dan putih, P. citrophthora berwarna putih dan hijau kehitaman, serta P. parasitica berwarna putih dan kuning muda, sedangkan di Desa Barusjahe P. citrophthora berwarna putih dan merah jambu dan P. parasitica berwarna putih. Ukuran (panjang x lebar) sporangia P. palmivora (33-45) x (30-50) μm, P. citrophthora di Desa Sumbul (40-50) x (34-50) μm, dan di Desa Barusjahe (30-45) x (30-45) μm, P. parasitica di Desa Sumbul (33-35) x (29-30) μm, dan di Desa Barusjahe (30-40) x (28-30) μm. Ukuran sporangiofor P. palmivora pada umumnya sebesar 6,25-250 μm, panjang sporangiofor P. citrophthora di Desa Sumbul antara 25-68,75 μm dan di Desa Barusjahe 12,5-100 μm, sedangkan panjang sporangiofor P. parasitica di Desa Sumbul 43,75-162,5 μm dan di Desa Barusjahe 6,25-150 μm. Spesies phytophthora yang paling banyak ditemukan di Desa Sumbul adalah P. palmivora, sedangkan di daerah Barusjahe adalah P. citrophthora. Hasil identifikasi yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini akan bermanfaat dalam menentukan cara pengendalian Phytophthora spp. pada tanaman jeruk. ABSTRACT. Marpaung, A.E., F.H. Silalahi, and E.I.Y. Purba. 2010. Identification of the Causal Agent of Brown Rot Gummosis on Citrus in Karo Region. Citrus cultivation in Karo region has exhibited low yielding and short plant lifetime. This condition was caused by the infection of Phytophthora spp., the causal agent of brown rot gummosis on citrus. The objectives of the research was to identify the occurence of Phytophthora spp. on citrus plants. The research was conducted in Berastagi Fruits Plant Research Farm, from January to February 2007. The samples were collected from Kabanjahe District at the viilage of Sumbul and Barusjahe. The results indicated, that Phytophthora palmivora, P. citrophthora, and P. parasitica were obtained from Sumbul village, while P. citrophthora and P. parasitica were also found in Barusjahe village. The color of sporangia and misellium of P. palmivora originated from Sumbul Village was white, P. citrophthora was white and dark green, and P. parasitica were pink and yellow, meanwhile the color of at P. citrophthora obtained from Barusjahe village were white and pink and P. parasitica was white. The size of sporangia P. palmivora was (33-45) x (30-50) μm, P. citrophthora at Sumbul Village was (40-50) x (34-50) μm, and from Barusjahe Village was (30-45) x (30-45) μm, P. parasitica at Sumbul Village was (33-35) x (29-30) μm and Barusjahe Village was (30-40) x (28-30) μm. The general length of sporangiofor P. palmivora was 6.25-250 μm. The length of sporangiofor P. citrophthora at Sumbul Village was 25-68.75 μm and at Barusjahe Village was 12.5-100 μm, even though P. parasitica at Sumbul Village was 43.75-162.5 μm and Barusjahe Village was 6.25-150 μm. The most species of phytophthora found at Sumbul Village was P. palmivora and at Barusjahe Village was P. citrophthora. The result of the identification wil beneficial for the development of easier control measures of Phytophthora spp. disease on citrus.

Analisis perubahan penggunaan lahan ruang terbuka hijau di wilayah Jakarta Timur

Urban cultural landscape is a concept considered as new and still raises many arguments among scholars. This concept comes from terms of cultural landscape and first was revealed in 1925 by Sauer, a Geographer. Then this term has evolved to be a concept of urban cultural landscape after finding many countries in the world are interesting to propose their historic cities as a World Heritage Cultural Landscape. Currently, some researchers from geography, anthropolo-gy, economics, architecture and landscape architecture have tried to reveal the concept. However, generally the description of their concept is more in processing or exploring the establishment elements of urban cultural landscape, so as can be seen that the concept is not comprehensive yet and still partial in accordance with the scientific background. Therefore, this paper aims to reveal the concept of urban cultural landscape from different disci-plines to gain a comprehensive one. And to support the establishment of the concept, the paper uses a case study, which is Cirebon city as it is one of the unique and historic cities in Indonesia. The city has been established since 15th century. The establishment has been affected by social, cultural, political and economic impacts from various periods of rules (Sultanate Cerbon, Dutch Colonial and the Republic of Indonesia).of rule (Sultanate Cerbon, Dutch Colonial and the Republic of Indonesia). Keywords: Cirebon city, landscape elements, urban componentsCity development in Indonesia, especially in East Jakarta has affected the changing of land use. The increasing of physical building at the city has positively affected to the increasing economic activities. Besides, it has caused environmental degradation. One form of environmental degradation is decreasing of green open space which is turning into built-up area. This research aims: to identify the pattern of green open space change, to know the population growth’s rate and regional development in East Jakar-ta, and to assess factors affecting the green open space change. The result showed that in 2002, the green open space in East Jakarta was 830,6 ha and in 2007 it increased into 1.056,7 ha. Between the period of 2002 and 2007 there was an increasing about 226,1 ha. Population growth’s rate from 2002 until 2008 in East Jakarta was 0.9% per year, and inmigrant growth’s rate in the same period was 0.7% per year. The re-gional development was showed by the appearance of developed facilities including education, health and economic facilities. Growth rate of education, health and eco-nomic facilities in the period of 2003 and 2006 are -1.5%, 6.4% and 1.1 per year, re-spectively. Based on scalogram analysis, most of the kelurahan (town villages) in East Jakarta are belong to hierarchy III. In 2003, there were 40 kelurahan classified as hier-arcy III, 18 kelurahan as hierarchy II, and 7 kelurahan as hierarchy I. In 2006, the number of kelurahan grouped as hierarchy III decreased into 35 kelurahan, while at hierarchy II and I increased into 19 and 11 kelurahan, respectively. The most affecting factors (p-level ≤ 0.05) to the green open space change are availability of unoccupied area. Meanwhile, the potential affecting factor (p-level ≤ 0.1) to the green open space change is the increasing number of health facilities. Keywords: Area Development, Availability of Empty Area, Citizen Growth, Green Open Space

Analisis Perubahan Luas Ruang Terbuka Hijau dan Faktor- Faktor yang Mempengaruhinya di Jakarta Selatan

Rivers are part of natural resources which increasing the city’s natural environment quality. So as, Banjarmasin City which has ±107 rivers and known as ”The Thousand Rivers City”. The research objective was to plan riparian landscapes of Martapura River to increase the Banjarmasin City’s natural environment quality. The river was divided into seven segments to classified its natural character (sinuosity) and natural environment quality (open spaces and land cover). Qualitative and spasial methods were carried out to analyze data and to plan the riverscape. The research found three types of environmental zones along the river. Basedon three environmental zones, the Martapura riparian was planned spasially to be urban forest, vegetated city park and city park types. To increase natural and local natural beauty, it is proposed to plant the endemic and local types of vegetation