Sedat Karaman

Response of lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) to salinity of irrigation water

Abstract This study was conducted in a greenhouse to assess the response of lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) to increasing salinity of irrigation water (0.75, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 5.0, and 7.0 dS m−1). Soil salinity increased linearly with increasing salinity of irrigation water. The threshold value was determined as 1.1 dS m−1 and the relative yield decrease in slope after this threshold as 9.3%. The results showed that L. sativa var. crispa was moderately sensitive to salinity. In contrast to yield, plant dry matter content increased with increasing salinity for the salinity range studied. The taste of lettuce was not affected by salinity. The results further showed that the variables of leaf number per plant, plant height, water use efficiency, and accumulation of calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) in the leaves decreased with salinity, whereas accumulation of potassium (K), nitrogen (N), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in plant leaves was unaffected.

The effects of pre-harvest application of aminoethoxyvinylglycine on the bioactive compounds and fruit quality of 'Fortune' plum variety during cold storage.

The effects of pre-harvest aminoethoxyvinylglycine treatments on fruit quality parameters and bioactive compounds of ‘Fortune’ plum during cold storage were investigated. Two different aminoethoxyvinylglycine doses were applied to plum trees two weeks prior to the estimated harvest date, and harvested fruit samples were kept in cold storage at 0 oC temperature and with 90 ± 5% relative humidity for 4 weeks. Lightness (L*) and hue angle values decreased in all treatments during cold storage. Weight loss (%) was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) with 100 mg/L aminoethoxyvinylglycine treatment at the end of the storage. Fruit firmness at the end of the storage was significantly increased with aminoethoxyvinylglycine treatments. Total phenolics and total antioxidant activity were increased with aminoethoxyvinylglycine treatments till the 21st day of storage and decreased by the 28th day. Total phenolics and total antioxidant activity were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) with the 200 mg/L aminoethoxyvinylglycine treatment at the end of storage. Rutin was significantly decreased with 100 mg/L aminoethoxyvinylglycine treatment at the end of cold storage.

Effect of Aminoethoxyvinylglycine and Methyl Jasmonate on Individual Phenolics and Post-harvest Fruit Quality of Three Different Japanese Plums (Prunus salicina Lindell)

Abstract In this research, effects of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) applied 2 weeks ahead of estimated harvest date on fruit color, firmness and individual phenolic compounds of three plum varieties wereinvestigated during the cold storage. Fruits of “BlackAmber”, “Black Beauty” and “Fortune” were kept at 0 ± 0.5°C temperature and 90 ± 5% relative humidity for 4 weeks. During the storage, decreases in L*, chroma and hue angle values were observed. AVG treatments differed significantly (p < 0.05) by control and MeJA treatment. In all plum varieties, AVG treatment resulted in significant increases in flesh firmness at the end of storage. MeJA increased significantly the firmness of “Black Beauty” and “Fortune” fruit at the end of storage. Chlorogenic acid was detected as major phenolic compound in plum varieties. AVG treatment to “Black Amber” fruit increased the contents of chlorogenic and p-coumaric acid during storage, whereas it reduced chlorogenic and p-coumaric acid content in “Fortune” fruit. MeJA treatment led to not only increase the contents of rutin, ferulic acid and naringenin in the fruits of “Black Beauty” and “Fortune” varieties during the storage but also significantly increase the kaempferol content in “Black Amber” and “Black Beauty” fruits. While AVG treatment compared to control significantly decreased the contents of chlorogenic acid, quercetin and naringenin in “Black Amber” fruits at the end of cold storage, it increased content of p-coumaric acid. At the end of storage, AVG and MeJA treatments reduced significantly the content of ferulic acid in “Black Beauty” fruits. In addition, MeJA treatment significantly increased chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and kaempferol contents in “Fortune” fruits.

The Best Distributions for Maximum and Minimum Daily Temperatures of Columbus, Ohio

In this study, the normality and best fitting distributions for the daily maximum and minimum temperatures measured at the Columbus, Valley-Crossing during the periods of 1916-1949 and 1980-2006 were searched. To represent four seasons, the temperatures of months of January, April, July, and October were considered. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test (P = 0.05) for the normality analysis, and FRANMOD model for determining the best fitting distributions among 36 continuous distributions (2-P (Parameter) standard normal, 2-P log-normal, 3-P log-normal, 2-P gamma, 3-P Pearson type 3, 3-P log-Pearson type 3, 3-P U.S. Water Resources Council method, 2-P Pearson type 5, 3-P generalized gamma, 1-P exponential, 2-P exponential, 2-P Gumbel (maxima), 2-P Gumbel (minima), 2-P Frechet (maxima), 3-P Frechet (minima), 3-P Frechet (maxima), 2-P Weibull (minima), 3-P Weibull (minima), 3-P Weibull (maxima), 3-P generalized extreme value, 4-P two-component extreme value, 2-P log-Gumbel, 3-P log-Gumbel, 2-P logistic, 3-P generalized logistic, 2-P log-logistic, 2-P standard beta, 4-P generalized beta, 2-P Pareto, 2-P generalized Pareto, 3-P generalized Pareto, 5-P Wakeby, 3-P beta-kappa, 3-P beta-P, 2-P kappa, and, 4-P kappa) to the observed temperatures were used. Based on the results, we determined that the minimum and maximum daily temperatures are not normally distributed. Considering the minimum and maximum temperatures observed in January and July, respectively, the distributions of 3-P beta-kappa and 3-P generalized logistic produced better statistics. In place of the 2-P standard normal, employing these distributions in the CLIGEN (WEPP model weather generator) to generate daily maximum and minimum temperatures for a randomly selected 10 years of simulation improved efficiency of the model by means of better representing observed values.

Tokat-Niksar Yöresinde Yetiştirilen ve Yöredeki Tarımsal Yapılarda Yaygın Olarak Kullanılan Kavak Ağacının Önemli Fiziksel ve Mekanik Özellikleri

Wood materials are commonly used in structures because of its availability in everywhere, easiness in its processing, nice appearance, appropriate strength, weight ratio, etc. Appropriate used of wood materials in structures depend on the knowing of its properties. The properties of wood materials change with its variety and the conditions of region in which they are grown. Poplar trees have fast grown and low price. Therefore, they are widely grown in Tokat-Niksar area and used in farm structures. In this research, the log samples of poplar trees were randomly selected from wood shops to determine their physical and mechanical properties. The unit weight, shrinkage, expansion, compressive strength, tensile strength, bending strength, spliting strength and modulus of elasticity of the samples were experimentally determined. Turkish standards were followed to do necessary tests.

Plastik Atıkların Yonga Levha Üretiminde Yapı Malzemesi Olarak Değerlendirilme Olanakları

The aim of this study is to examine important physical and mechanical properties of particle boards which were produced by adding plastic waste grinded to a certain particle size into wood shavings and using urea formaldehyde glue. The following values were obtained from the samples which were prepared to have different mixture proportions: unit weight was 684-966 kg/m3, thickness increment after a 24 hour water exposure was 1% -12%, the amount of water absorption was 21% -85%, bending strength was 5.20-17.94 MPa, perpendicular tensile strength was 0.15-1.32 MPa and heat conduction 0.128-0.160 W/mK. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that most of the characteristics of particle boards which are suggested under the related standards could be improved by reusing plastic waste for the production of particle boards, and that, in addition to this, negative environmental consequences caused by wastes could be minimized by utilizing plastic waste in this way.

Tokat İlinde Besi Sığırcılığının Yaygın Olarak Yapıldığı Kırsal Yerleşim Birimlerinin Sorunları ve Çözüm Olanakları Üzerine Bir Araştırma

As considering the climate and natural resources of Turkey, engineering services in agriculture are one of the important factors limiting optimum agricultural production. It is possible to get more economical benefit from these land and water researches and to use the agricultural products from these researches more efficiently by using of these engineering services covered by agricultural engineering studies. In this study, the rural settlement problems of villages in Tokat province where beef cattle fanning is devoloping, and possible solutions for these problems were investigated. For this purpose, 39 villages in Tokat were examined.

ERZURUM İLİNDE ÜRETİLEN VE TARIMSAL YAPILARDA YAYGIN OLARAK KULLANILAN BRİKETLERİN FİZİKSEL VE MEKANİK ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA / A RESEARCH ON THE PHYSICAL AND MECHAN1CAL PROPERTIES OF THE CONCRETE BLOCK WHICH ARE PRODUCED IN ERZURUM AND WIDELY

OZET : Cesitli yapi malzemeleri arasinda hafifligi, isi ve nem iletiminin azligi, kullanim kolayligi, ucuzlugu bakimindan ozellikle tarimsal yapilarda briketin onemi buyuktur. Bu nedenle ulkemizde son yillarda kullanisi hizla artan bir yapi malzemesi olmakla birlikte, hafif betonlara iliskin uretim tekniklerinin gelismesi de, ozellikle hafif briket kullanimini yayginlastirrmsur. Uretilen briketlerin fiziksel ve mekanik ozellikleri; kullanilan agreganin nitelikleri, karisim oranlari, sikistirma derecesi gibi cesitli etkenlere bagli olmaktadir. Bu calismanin ana amaci, Erzurum ilinde cesitli atolyelerde uretilen ve yoredeki tarimsal yapilarda da yaygin olarak kullanilan briketlerin onemli fiziksel ve mekanik ozelliklerinin ortaya cikarilmasidir. Ayrica uretim atolyelerinde kullanilan agreganin ozellikleri, kullanilan karisim oranlari belirlenmis ve bunlarin uretilen briket ozelliklerine etkisi de saptanmaya calisilmistir. Arastirma sonuclarindan, briket uretiminde farkli atolyeler tarafindan kullanilan agregalarin ve karisim oranlarinin bunlara bagli olarak briket Ozellikleri uzerine onemli etkisinin olmadigi anlasilmistir. Erzurum ilinde uretilen briketlerin basinc dayanimlari standartta ongorulen degerlerin oldukca altintadir. Briketlerin donma cozulme dayanikliligi bakimindan Ise uygun oldugu belirlenmistir A RESEARCH ON THE PHYSICAL AND MECHAN1CAL PROPERTIES OF THE CONCRETE BLOCK WHICH ARE PRODUCED IN ERZURUM AND WIDELY USED IN AGRICULTURAL BUILDINGS SUMMARY : The concrete blocks has a great importance praticularly in the agricultural buildings due to Hghtness, low transfer of heat and hitmidity, ease of usage and cheapness. Therefore, in Turkey concrete block has been a buildingmateriai qfwhich usage has a speedy Increasing trend in the recent years. Besides, the developing production techniques related to lightweight concrete have particulariy eased the usage of lightweight concrete blocks. The physicai and mechanical properties of concrete blocks depend on various faciors such as the features of agrega used, the mucing proportions and the compacting degree. The aim of this study is to determine the properties of concrete blocks which are produced in various workshops in Erzurum and widely used in agricultural buildings. In addition, the effect of the properties of aggregates used in workshops, the mixing proportions on the proporties of concrete blocks. As a result, it was clear that the properties of aggregates and the mixing proportions used by various workshops varied. Depending on these factors, the properties of concrete blocks also varied. The compressive strenght of concrete blocks tested, which is one of important mechanical properties of buildings materials, had values that w ere considerably under the values suggested by standarda. The values offreezing- thawing durability of concrete blocks tested were in agreement with the standards.