Sedat Yildiz

Genetic diversity in Turkish sheep

Abstract The genetic relevance of Turkish sheep has recently been revealed by mtDNA analysis, which has led to the identification of a third maternal lineage in that species. We present here a study of the genetic variation of these breeds at a nuclear level from the analysis of 30 microsatellite loci. Parameters of variability indicated a high level of variation in the breeds analysed. Mean number of alleles per locus ranged from 7.8 to 10.4 and gene diversity varied between 0.69 and 0.74. Considerable differences were detected between breeds regarding the pattern of within-breed variability. Breed-specific alleles were detected at most loci and all breeds analysed, a total of 75 private variants being identified. The Hemsin sheep showed noticeably lower genetic variation in accordance with the present status of this breed. Percentages of shared alleles (from 54.8% to 69.5%) and gene flow estimates (from 5.98 to 28.32) gave information about the relative genetic differentiation of breeds. The results presented here for nuclear DNA complement those reported for mtDNA and bear out the need to preserve this invaluable genetic material.

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY OF ROCK PARTRIDGES (ALECTORIS GRAECA) AND CHUKAR PARTRIDGES (ALECTORIS CHUKAR)

Abstract Standard limb, six lead (I, II, III, aVR, aVL, and aVF) electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded in 10 awake mature rock partridges (Alectoris graeca) and 10 chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar). Durations and amplitudes of P and T waves and QRS complexes, durations of P-Q and Q-T intervals, and mean heart rates were calculated from the lead II ECGs. All observable P and T waves were negative in aVR and aVL, whereas they were positive in all remaining leads. The most frequent forms of QRS complex were r-s (r-S) and q-r (q-R). A Q wave was observed in all aVR and aVL leads in both species. Chukar partridges had significantly higher amplitudes of P and T waves and QRS complexes than rock partridges. Mean heart rates were 310 ± 15 beats/min and 317 ± 19 beats/min for chukar partridges and rock partridges, respectively. Mean electrical axes, calculated from leads II and III, were −99 ± 6.3° and −95 ± 1.7° for chukar partridges and rock partridges, respectively. Clear ECGs were easily obtainable without anesthesia or sedation.

EFFECTS OF XYLAZINE, MEDETOMIDINE, DETOMIDINE, AND DIAZEPAM ON SEDATION, HEART AND RESPIRATORY RATES, AND CLOACAL TEMPERATURE IN ROCK PARTRIDGES (ALECTORIS GRAECA)

Abstract In this study, heart and respiratory rates, cloacal temperature, and quality of sedation were evaluated before (0 min) and after (10, 20, and 30 min) i.m. administration of xylazine (10 mg/kg; n = 7), medetomidine (75 μl; n = 6), detomidine (0.3 mg/kg; n = 6), or diazepam (6 mg/kg; n = 7) in rock partridges (Alectoris graeca). All partridges recovered from sedation without any disturbance. Xylazine and diazepam administration did not induce significant changes in heart rate, which did decrease significantly after medetomidine and detomidine administration (P < 0.001). Mean respiratory rate was decreased dramatically at 20 and 30 min after xylazine (P < 0.001) and medetomidine (P < 0.005) administration, and at all stages of sedation after detomidine injection (P < 0.001), whereas there was not any significant change after diazepam injection. In all groups, cloacal temperature measured at 10, 20, and 30 min tended to decrease compared with baseline values. Sedative effects of the drugs started within 2.1 ± 0.2 min for detomidine, 2.6 ± 0.4 min for diazepam, 3.1 ± 0.4 min for xylazine, and 4.8 ± 0.8 min for medetomidine application. There was an extreme variability in time to recovery for each drug: 205 ± 22.2 min for xylazine, 95 ± 12.2 min for medetomidine, 260 ± 17.6 min for detomidine, and 149 ± 8.3 min for diazepam. In conclusion, xylazine, medetomidine, detomidine, and diazepam produced sedation, which could permit some clinical procedures such as handling and radiographic examination of partridges to occur. Of the four drugs, xylazine produced stronger and more efficient sedation compared to the others, which could permit only minor procedures to be performed. However, depending on the drug used, monitoring of heart and respiratory rates and cloacal temperature might be required.