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Differences in strength, flexibility and stability in freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Wrestling includes a variety of functional properties: muscular strength, flexibility, neuromuscular coordination, and static and dynamic balance. The aim of the study was to identify differences in the strength, flexibility, postural stability and core stabilization of young national and international wrestlers in different weight groups. MATERIAL AND METHOD Eighty-one male wrestlers (17-21 years old) were divided into 6 groups according to their body mass (light, middle and heavy) and wrestling style. The lumbosacral flexion, extension and lateral flexion range of motion, hamstring extensibility, back and leg muscle strength, postural stability, and core stabilization were assessed. RESULTS Greco-Roman wrestlers had a higher lean body mass (6-12%) compared with freestyle wrestlers. However, the trunk lateral flexion flexibility was better in the Greco-Roman wrestlers (6-7%) than in the freestyle wrestlers, and the absolute back strength (BS) and leg strength (LS) were similar for both styles of wrestling. The BS/LBM and LS/LBM in the freestyle wrestlers were greater than in the Greco-Roman wrestlers, and the Light weight Greco-Roman wrestlers had the highest BS/LBM. The heavy weight Greco-Roman wrestlers and the light weight freestyle wrestlers had the greatest LS/LBM values. The postural control was similar for the two styles of wrestlers; however, the heavy weight Greco-Roman wrestlers had greater postural control in all directions compared with the light and middle weight Greco-Roman wrestlers. The core stabilization did not differ for the Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestlers except in the lateral bridge. CONCLUSION The style of wrestling demonstrates different strength, flexibility and stability demands on the body. The differences between Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestlers may be due to the wrestling style differences in training and to competition-related demands. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Comparative study, level lV (case series).

Relationship between scapular muscle and core endurance in healthy subjects

BACKGROUND Scapular muscle endurance and core endurance reportedly influence shoulder injury risk. The exact relationship between scapular muscle endurance and core endurance, and how they impact one another in the healthy subjects remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between scapular muscle endurance and core endurance in healthy subjects. METHODS Fifty healthy volunteers (23 males, 27 females; mean age 20.42 ± 1.04 years) were participated in this study. Endurance of the serratus anterior and trapezius muscles was assessed using the scapular muscle endurance test. Sorensen test (endurance of trunk extensor muscles), trunk flexor endurance test, and side bridge test (endurance of lateral core muscles) were conducted to assess the core endurance. Pearsons product moment correlations examined relationships between scapular muscle endurance and each of the core endurance tests scores. RESULTS Scapular muscle endurance test scores showed a positive correlation with the side bridge test scores (r = 0.414; p = 0.003). No significant correlation was found between scapular muscle endurance test scores and the other core endurance tests scores (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS There appears to be a link between the scapular muscle endurance and lateral core muscles in healthy subjects; however, more research is needed to provide a definitive answer on the nature of this relationship. Further studies involving patients with shoulder pathology are warranted.

Assessment of function in patients with rotator cuff tears: Functional test versus self-reported questionnaire

Purpose: The rotator cuff tears (RCT) are a well-known cause of shoulder pain and loss of upper extremity function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the upper extremity function using two different methods in patients with RCT and to determine the parameters that influence the upper extremity function. Materials and Methods: A sample of 38 patients (27-76 years; 10 men and 28 women) who were diagnosed with a chronic full-thickness RCT, confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), was studied. Upper extremity function was determined using Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index (WORC) and 9 Hole Peg Test (9PEG). Other assessments included active range of motion (ROM), muscle strength, shoulder pain, and scapular dyskinesis. Results: There was a weak association between WORC scores and 9PEG. A statistically significant, negative relationship was found between 9PEG and ROM in supination, as well as muscle strength of shoulder extensors, adductors, internal and external rotators. Conclusions: In addition to the weak association between WORC and 9PEG, the difference between the parameters related to each method suggests that they should not be used interchangeably to determine the upper extremity function. We recommend the utilization of 9PEG instead of WORC in assessing the upper extremity function in the setting of loss of muscle strength. Level of Evidence: Level IV, Therapeutic study.

Does Lymphedema Affect the Postural Stability in Women After Breast Cancer

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the static postural stability and fall risk of preelderly women with unilateral secondary lymphedema after breast cancer. Methods: This study was conducted on 46 preelderly women (24 with unilateral secondary lymphedema and 22 healthy) aged from 52 to 69 years. The Biodex Balance System was used to measure the parameters of postural stability and fall risk. The data acquisition involved 3 trials of 20 seconds to test the postural stability test. It was made in 3 directions (overall, anterior-posterior [AP], and mediolateral [ML]) and 2 conditions (once with open eyes, once with eyes closed). The fall-risk test was performed under the following conditions: (1) eyes open, firm surface; (2) eyes closed, firm surface; (3) eyes open, foam surface; and (4) eyes closed, foam surface. Results: For the postural stability, significant differences (P ⩽ .000) were observed in overall, AP, and ML displacement parameters in eyes closed condition between the lymphedema and healthy groups. There were no statistically significant differences in the fall-risk test results among the lymphedema and healthy group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Preelderly women with unilateral lymphedema exhibited a lower postural stability compared with health women. These results lead to think us that asymmetric fluid distribution in the upper body parts increases postural sway and leaving them more vulnerable to falls.

Translation, cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity of the Turkish version of the Penn Shoulder Score

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study is to translate the Penn Shoulder Score into Turkish and to establish its cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity in patients with shoulder dysfunctions. Methods: The Penn Shoulder Score was translated and culturally adapted from English into Turkish. Subsequently, the Penn Shoulder Score, the Constant Score, the American Shoulder and Elbow Score, and the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index were completed by 97 patients with shoulder dysfunctions. To determine the test–retest reliability, 30 patients completed the Penn Shoulder Score again on day 3. Intraclass correlation coefficient and Cronbach alpha were calculated to assess reliability. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed in terms of convergent validity with Pearson Correlation Coefficient using the Constant Score, the American Shoulder and Elbow Score, and the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index. Results: Internal consistency was good, with a Cronbach alpha of 0.81. The Intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.90 (95% confidence interval: 0.78, 0.90), demonstrating good test–retest reliability. Pearson correlation coefficients of the Penn Shoulder Score in relation with the Constant Score, the American Shoulder and Elbow Score, and the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index were 0.65, 0.78, and −0.77, respectively. Conclusion: The Turkish version of the Penn Shoulder Score is a reliable and valid measure for assessing patients with shoulder dysfunctions. Implications for Rehabilitation The Turkish version of the Penn shoulder score is valid and reliable outcome measure for assessing patients with shoulder dysfunctions. The Turkish version of the Penn shoulder score could be easily performed by patients and it is easy to score by clinicians. It is recommended to use in clinical settings and in research.

Mild hallux valgus angle affects single-limb postural stability in asymptomatic subjects

BACKGROUND Single-limb postural stability is a key component of lower extremity functional status. Factors affecting postural stability should be well defined to prevent injuries. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the hallux valgus angle on postural stability in asymptomatic subjects. METHODS A total of 19 subjects were included in the study. The hallux valgus angle and postural stability were assessed. Participants were assigned to two groups according to whether the hallux valgus angle was pathological or not. A hallux valgus angle greater than 15 degrees was accepted as pathological. The relationship between the hallux valgus angle and postural stability, and the differences in postural stability scores between the two groups were analyzed. Postural stability was assessed with a stabilometer. The test was performed with the eyes open. RESULTS We found a significant correlation between the hallux valgus angle and mediolateral and overall stability index (r= 0.484, p= 0.036; r = 0.463, p= 0.046 respectively). Subjects with a pathological mild hallux valgus angle had greater stability index scores than normal subjects (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A mild hallux valgus angle has negative effects on postural stability as a forefoot deformity. This deformity should be taken into account for injury prevention strategies in pain-free younger adults.

Malpractice leading to secondary lymphedema after radical mastectomy: case report.

Background: With this case report we want to demonstrate the results of chemotherapy application to the mastectomized side in a patient who had undergone radical mastectomy. Case Report: A patient who was accidentally given chemotherapy on the mastectomized side (PCMS) and a control patient who received chemotherapy on the non-affected side (PCNS) were included in this study. Edema, pain, muscle strength, and shoulder mobility were evaluated. The results of the 2 patients were compared. After chemotherapy, PCMS experienced edema and pain in the affected arm compared to PCNS. Increased circumference measurement, and decreased shoulder mobility and muscle strength were observed in PCMS. Conclusion: It was suggested that chemotherapy application on the mastectomized side triggered lymphedema. Our findings on the subject revealed that education of health care professionals and patients alike is very important.