Selma Kadioglu

3D visualization of integrated ground penetrating radar data and EM-61 data to determine buried objects and their characteristics

This paper is based on an interactive three-dimensional (3D) visualization of two-dimensional (2D) ground penetrating radar (GPR) data and their integration with electromagnetic induction (EMI) using EM-61 data in a 3D volume. This method was used to locate and identify near-surface buried old industrial remains with shape, depth and type (metallic/non-metallic) in a brownfield site. The aim of the study is to illustrate a new approach to integrating two data sets in a 3D image for monitoring and interpretation of buried remains, and this paper methodically indicates the appropriate amplitude–colour and opacity function constructions to activate buried remains in a transparent 3D view. The results showed that the interactive interpretation of the integrated 3D visualization was done using generated transparent 3D sub-blocks of the GPR data set that highlighted individual anomalies in true locations. Colour assignments and formulating of opacity of the data sets were the keys to the integrated 3D visualization and interpretation. This new visualization provided an optimum visual comparison and an interpretation of the complex data sets to identify and differentiate the metallic and non-metallic remains and to control the true interpretation on exact locations with depth. Therefore, the integrated 3D visualization of two data sets allowed more successful identification of the buried remains.

Monitoring buried remains with a transparent 3D half bird's eye view of ground penetrating radar data in the Zeynel Bey tomb in the ancient city of Hasankeyf, Turkey

The aim of this paper is to show a new monitoring approximation for ground penetrating radar (GPR) data. The method was used to define buried archaeological remains inside and outside the Zeynel Bey tomb in Hasankeyf, an ancient city in south-eastern Turkey. The study examined whether the proposed GPR method could yield useful results at this highly restricted site, which has a maximum diameter inside the tomb of 4 m. A transparent three-dimensional (3D) half birds eye view was constructed from a processed parallel-aligned two-dimensional GPR profile data set by using an opaque approximation instead of linear opacity. Interactive visualizations of transparent 3D sub-data volumes were conducted. The amplitude-colour scale was balanced by the amplitude range of the buried remains in a depth range, and appointed a different opaque value for this range, in order to distinguish the buried remains from one another. Therefore, the maximum amplitude values of the amplitude-colour scale were rearranged with the same colour range. This process clearly revealed buried remains in depth slices and transparent 3D data volumes. However, the transparent 3D half birds eye views of the GPR data better revealed the remains than the depth slices of the same data. In addition, the results showed that the half birds eye perspective was important in order to image the buried remains. Two rectangular walls were defined, one within and the other perpendicularly, in the basement structure of the Zeynel Bey tomb, and a cemetery was identified aligned in the east?west direction at the north side of the tomb. The transparent 3D half birds eye view of the GPR data set? also determined the buried walls outside the tomb. The findings of the excavation works at the Zeynel Bey tomb successfully overlapped with the new visualization results.

Ground penetrating radar and microwave tomography for the safety management of a cultural heritage site: Miletos Ilyas Bey Mosque (Turkey)

Detection and assessment of structural damage affecting foundation robustness is of significant relevance for the safety management of cultural heritage sites. In this framework, ground penetrating radar (GPR) is worth consideration owing to its capability of providing high resolution and detailed information about the inner status of a structure, without involving significant invasive actions and ensuring a fast survey. On the other hand, the effectiveness of a GPR diagnostic survey can be impaired by the low interpretability of the raw data radargrams; thus huge interest is currently focused on the development of advanced and application-oriented data processing strategies. In this paper, a data processing chain based on the combined use of the commercial REFLEXW program and a microwave tomography approach is presented. An assessment of the achievable imaging capabilities is provided by processing measurements collected during a survey at the Great Mosque of Ilyas Bey (Ilyas Bey Mosque), one of the most important cultural heritages in ancient Miletos-Iona in S?ke-Aydin city (Turkey).

Imaging karstic cavities in transparent 3D volume of the GPR data set in Akkopru dam, Mugla, Turkey

The use of geophysical methods, particularly ground-penetrating radar (GPR), in the environmental sites has taken very important approximation in locating potential environmental hazards such as landslides and cavities. Generally, slices of a three-dimensional (3D) GPR data set can be used to monitor changes in the surface locations and depth of the environmental hazards through the iterative slices. The aim of this study is to introduce volume imaging of subsurface cavities with a transparent half birds-eye view within a 3D data set. Transparency is obtained by a constructed opaque function of the amplitude–colour range. The half birds-eye view is achieved by observing angles of the x-, y- and z-directions to the 3D block. A GPR study was conducted at a reservoir area (696 m × 100 m) in Akkopru dam and hydroelectric power station in Mugla (Turkey) to determine the existence and abundance of karstic cavities. The study revealed the presence of 283 cavities of various size and depth. Borehole data encouraged the results with given depths.

Picturing monuments and cultural heritages with ground penetrating radar method including its half bird's eye view visualization

The aim of this study is to show applications of the ground penetrating radar (GPR) method to the monuments and the cultural heritages in order to maintain and evaluate the progress of treatments. In this framework, we involved transparent 3D half birds eye view visualization of the GPR data. Our study area was on the Midas Monument remained a Phrygia civilization, lived between the 9th and 7th centuries BC in the Eskişehir region of Central Anatolia-Turkey. The monument has covered with miscellaneous geometric designs and hyerogliphics. During the Phrygian period religious ceremonies used to be held here. The Midas Monument has taken the shape of a giant rock-cut facade measuring over 16.5 meters in width and some 17 meters in height. The rock of the facade is nature rock heightened from surface. There are a lot of rock cut chambers seems as a multi-storey apartment in the North of the monument. We used the GPR method to evaluate the existence of internal discontinuities such as micro fractures and cavities of Midas Monument in order to control stability condition. 800 MHz shielded antenna was used to acquire GPR data on parallel profiles on the monument and 250 MHz shielded antenna was used on parallel profiles spaced 1m apart to research stability conditions around the monument and rock cut grave chambers. We obtained 2D/3D image of the GPR with half birds eye view visualization of depth slices and their transparent 3D sub-volumes and pictured fractures on the Midas Monument and buried cavities representing rock cut tombs between monuments and the rock cut necropolis.

Different time gain and amplitude-color arranging for ground penetrating radar data: Applied samples

We introduced a simple time gain approximation with a functioned amplitude-color range to image all amplitudes or only selected amplitudes. First, we reduced ground wave amplitudes near to the maximum reflected / diffracted wave amplitudes of the data. Thus amplitude range of the two dimensional (2D) GPR profile section (radargram) was rescaled by maximum reflected/ diffracted wave amplitude values only for displaying the radargram. Second, we rearranged amplitude-color range with a functional approximation which was very important as well as time gain application to pick events according to the aim of the research. Third, we functioned an opaque range to obtain transparent three dimensional (3D) image of the aligned 2D radargrams. We presented 2D and 3D applications to show our approximations.

Monitoring of the stability problems on the Ankara-Konya high speed railway line (Turkey) with ground penetrating radar method

The aim of the study is to research the stability problems of the high speed railway line according to rock properties and their discontinuities such as fractures, faults and karstic cavities between the capital city Ankara and the largest city Konya in Turkey. A bi-static 100 MHz center band shielded antenna was used to take measurements of two dimensional (2D) profile data. Total 35 km was surveyed on different parts of the railway line by considering the results of the geologic research and petrograpical studies. During studies, we gathered the data on the backfilled way on the three parallel profiles spaced 1m apart or on the service way next to the railway line. There was a tunnel on the line. We also gathered two parallel profiles data on the tunnel and four profiles data next to the tunnel to evaluate the stability conditions according to the discontinuities. This paper presented also determining fractures, carstic cavities, faults with their depths on two dimensional (2D) radargram and on transparent 3D GPR data visualization by assigning an opacity function to the amplitude-colour range and view angle. The petrographical studies and GPR results indicated that the areas with Jurassic alloctonous limestones thrusted on the ophiolitic rocks had deep and large fractures and cavities. The resulted radargrams indicated the thrust fault locations under the rail line. This limestone were rootless and did not have big thickness. The radargrams were also revealed the stability conditions of the tunnel on the rail line. There was an important collapsed zone filled up before. However, some part of it was still had a problem. There were approximately horizontal fracture segments under some parts of the tunnel 8m in depth. This fracture were crossed the collapsed zone.

Ground penetrating radar and micro raman spectroscopy in Keciova Mosque Casbah-Algiers (Algeria)

Use of monitoring tools becomes more and more relevant at the increase of the ageing of heritage and historical infrastructures in order to properly drive the management and conservation procedures. In this framework; GPR method, and micro confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) methods were used in Keciova (Ketchaoua) Mosque (Casbah, Algeria) in order to visualize historical remains, foundations and basement infrastructures such as fractures, cavities or any other risk factors and identify minerals and rock types before restoration studies. The Mosque is an UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Imaging The Hittite cemetery site with 3D half bird's eye view of GPR data set in Sapinuva ancient city of the Hittite Empire (Corum-Turkey)

The aim of this study was to image a probable cemetery site of Hittite Empire, in ancient city of Sapinuva -Agilonu in Ortakoy (Çorum-Turkey), the most important holy religion area and the ancient capital city of Hittite Empire of üpougd>zx Anatolia, which is one of the most important historical sites of Turkey. A Ramac CU II GPR system and a 250 MHz shielded antennas have been employed over a 93×14 m area along parallel profiles spaced 0.50 m apart to measure data. The processed parallel profile data set was presented through a solid 3D view. Obtained traditional slices with the same axes on the map of the study site could not efficiently represent the subsurface. Therefore, arranging the view angles of the axes supplied half birds eye view of the 3D subset of the GPR data. Then the transparent 3D subsets of the data were obtained using true arranged opaque functions to the amplitude-colour range. Interactive half birds eye views of transparent 3D subsets provided satisfactory results to monitor very complex buried walls and relations amongst each other representing the probable cemeteries of the Hittite Empire family.

GPR research at the tomb of Zeynel Bey in Hasankeyf ancient city- Southeastern Turkey

Hasankeyf is a town located along the Tigris River in the Batman Province in Southeastern Turkey. The tomb of Zeynel Bey ruled shortly over Hasankeyf- a rare example of its kind in Anatolia. We measured GPR data inside and around of the tomb of the Zeynel Bey to research buried archaeological remains. We imaged the results with interactive transparent 3D visualization and located archaeological remains with depth range. We determined the base structure and diffraction anomaly groups coming from a cemetery. Excavation in the tomb and around of it encouraged the new 3D image results and found a cemetery in the tomb.