Yusuf K. Kadioglu

Structure and geochemistry of the adakitic Horoz granitoid, Bolkar Mountains, south-central Turkey, and its tectonomagmatic evolution

High-Al granitic and granodioritic rocks of the 55 Ma Horoz pluton in the Bolkar Mountains of southern Turkey provide important new constraints on the early Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Mediterranean region. The ENE–WSW-trending, sill-like pluton is intrusive into late Palaeozoic–early Mesozoic metamorphic rocks of the Central Tauride block, and is unconformably overlain by Plio-Pleistocene alluvial deposits. The metaluminous to peraluminous granitoids have high-K calc-alkaline to high-K shoshonitic compositions, and show enrichment in large ion lithophile and depletion in high-field strength elements relative to ocean ridge granite. Their high Al2O3 contents (15.9–20.06 wt%) and low SiO2, MgO, and Mg numbers are consistent with adakitic compositions. These geochemical features, coupled with low Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios and trace-element patterns, suggest that the Horoz magmas were produced in part by partial melting of a subduction-metasomatized mantle. The high-Al adakitic and calc-alkaline compositions are consistent with partial melting of a hydrated lithospheric mantle and an amphibolitic–eclogitic mafic lower crust that was triggered by delamination-induced asthenospheric upwelling. We propose that, following Palaeocene continental collision between the Tauride and Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex, the inferred lithospheric delamination was a result of foundering of the overthickened orogenic root. Asthenospheric upwelling beneath the young orogenic belt thermally weakened the crust, and caused uplift and tectonic extension leading to core complex formation (Nigde massif), development of an extensional volcanic province (Cappadocia), and tectonic collapse of the Central Tauride block (Bolkar Mountains). The shallow-level Horoz pluton was unroofed by ∼23 Ma as a combined result of crustal uplift and erosion throughout the Palaeogene.

Mafic Microgranular Enclaves and Interaction Between Felsic and Mafic Magmas in the Agacoren Intrusive Suite: Evidence from Petrographic Features and Mineral Chemistry

The Agacoren Intrusive Suite is exposed as a large intrusive body over ∼500 km2 east of Lake Tuz in central Anatolia and consists of the Cokumkaya gabbro, the Agacoren granitoid, and young dikes. The Agacoren granitoid is the predominant lithology of the Agacoren Intrusive Suite, and is differentiated into several subunits ranging in composition from monzonite, through granite, to alkali feldspar granite. The Cokumkaya gabbro occurs as stocks enclosed in the Agacoren granitoid; individual bodies range in size from 10 m × 20 m to 7 km × 3 km. Young dikes cut both the Cokumkaya gabbro and the Agacoren granitoid, and are particularly abundant in the central part of the intrusive body. Centimeter- to meter-size mafic microgranular enclaves (MME) are enclosed in the Agacoren granitoid. The enclaves are diorite, quartz diorite, and monzodiorite in composition, and represent blobs of mafic magma injected into a felsic host magma. The MME have a mineral assemblage (plagioclase + amphibole + biotite ± quartz ± K-f...

Geology and geochemistry of the synextensional Salihli granitoid in the Menderes core complex, western Anatolia, Turkey

The Miocene Salihli granitoid (SG) in the footwall of the Alasehir detachment in the Menderes core complex is a synextensional intrusion, providing important structural, geochronological, and geochemical constraints on the nature of late Cenozoic magmatism associated with crustal extension in the Aegean province. The NW–SE elongated pluton crosscuts the extensional mylonitic fabric in the metamorphic host rocks but is foliated, mylonitized, and cataclastically deformed in a ∼100‐m‐thick shear zone along the detachment. Mylonitic granitoids range from ultramylonites to protomylonites, and exhibit ductile deformation structures showing consistently top‐to‐the north shearing. Grain‐size reduction and dynamic recrystallization were most common deformational mechanisms producing the structural fabric of the mylonitic granitoid rocks. This earlier ductile fabric is overprinted by north‐dipping cataclastic foliation that developed sub‐parallel to the Alasehir detachment and its shear zone. Crystallization and cooling ages of the SG are nearly coeval with the documented early Miocene ages of metamorphism and deformation in its host rocks. The SG pluton ranges in composition from granite, granodiorite, and alkali‐feldspar granite, to monzogranite, and syenogranite; it consists of metaluminous to slightly peraluminous, high‐K calc‐alkaline rocks with silica contents between 62.36 and 73.95 wt‐%. The rocks are enriched in LILE and depleted in HFSE, and show strong negative anomalies in Ba, Nb, Sr, P, and Ti. These geochemical features suggest derivation of the SG melts from a subduction‐metasomatized, subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Invasion of the lower and middle crust by mantle‐derived melts triggered MASH‐type processes (melting, assimilation, storage, homogenization), resulting in the production of hybrid SG magmas. Asthenospheric upwelling caused by lithospheric delamination was a likely heat source that triggered the inferred partial melting of the mantle lithosphere. Continued extensional deformation and unroofing of the Menderes core complex and the synextensional SG in the mid to late Miocene was accompanied by the formation of an asymmetric supradetachment basin in the hanging wall of the Alasehir detachment.

Assessment of heavy metal levels in sediment samples of Kapulukaya Dam Lake (Kirikkale) and lower catchment area

In this study, the concentrations of 13 elements (Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Zn, Co, As, Pb, Cu, Mo, Hg, and Cd) were determined in the sediments of three different sites in the Kapulukaya Dam Lake between May 2007 and November 2008. They ranged from 1.47 to 4.64 for Al, 0.92 to 3.48 for Fe (in percent), 326.60 to 1053.00 for Mn, 98.00 to 1,116.00 for Cr, 24.70 to 127.10 for Ni, 14.80 to 124.20 for Zn, 11.0 to 43.20 for Co, 5.00 to 29.30 for Cu, 9.10 to 69.70 for As, 8.60 to 34.00 for Pb, 2.50 to 5.20 for Mo, 1.00 to 1.60 for Hg, and 0.50 to1.80 for Cd in microgram per gram dry weight sediment. The contamination degree of the sediment was assessed on the basis of enrichment factor and corresponding sediment quality guideline. The calculated enrichment factors (EF, measured metal vs. background concentrations) indicated that the effect of man-made activities on the occurrence of concentrations could be accounted for the majority of heavy metals namely Mn, As, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr, Co, Mo, and Cd, whereas such affect was not detected for Hg and Pb. The maximum values of the EF were represented by As, minimum values by Hg at all sites. Mean EF values were 36.60 and 0.70 for As and Hg, respectively. This study has clearly assessed a certain level of heavy metal pollution in the region, based particularly on the findings from sediment.

Influence of Silicon on Sunflower Cultivars under Drought Stress, II: Essential and Nonessential Element Uptake determined by Polarized Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence

Abstract: There is no information regarding genotypic variation in essential and nonessential nutrient accumulation of sunflower grown under drought stress with the presence or absence of supplemental silicon (Si) despite the role of this element in improving growth of some cultivars under drought conditions. Accumulation of elements in sunflower cultivars might be important for the genetic improvement of the crops response to drought. An experiment under controlled conditions was carried out to study the genotypic response of 12 sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars to drought and Si and the relationship to the uptake of elements [phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chloride (Cl), molybdenum (Mo), Si, sodium (Na), vanadium (V), aluminum (Al), strontium (Sr), rubidium (Rb), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), bromine (Br), and barium (Ba)]. This was determined by polarized energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (PEDXRF). It was observed that uptake of nutrient and nonessential elements by sunflower cultivars were differentiated in response to applied Si and drought stress. Drought stress decreased mineral uptake of all the cultivars, and generally, application of Si under drought stress significantly improved Si, K, S, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Na, Cl, V, Al, Sr, Rb, Ti, Cr, and Ba uptake whereas Zn, Mo, Ni, and Br uptake were not affected.

Effect of Sulfur on the Yield and Essential and Nonessential Element Composition of Alfalfa Determined by Polarized Energy Dispersive X‐ray Fluorescence

Alfalfa crops were grown in the field at the University of Ankara (473939 E, 4385149 N), over two seasons between 2001 and 2003 with sulfur (S) supplied at two different rates. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with five replicates and three cutting dates in each season. Sulfur was applied at rates of 0 (control), 160 (S1), and 240 (S2) kg ha−1 as gypsum. Alfalfa hay was harvested three times each year, and the concentrations of elements in the hay were measured by polarized energy dispersive x‐ray fluorescence (PEDXRF). Sulfur fertilization increased S concentrations and improved alfalfa hay yield for both years. Applied S slightly reduced phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations in the first year and had no significant effect on the potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) concentrations of alfalfa hay for either year. The highest S (240 kg ha−1 S) level increased sodium (Na) concentrations in the first year but decreased them in the second year. Sulfur application also decreased chloride (Cl) concentration in the first year. Molybdenum (Mo) concentration of the alfalfa was significantly reduced by S1 treatment in year 1. Iron (Fe) concentration was increased by S2 treatment in the second year, and zinc (Zn) concentration was increased by S1 treatment in the first year. However, applied S had no effect on manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), barium (Ba), uranium (U), and lead (Pb) concentrations for either year. Applied S decreased aluminum (Al) and silicon (Si) and increased bromine (Br) and rubidium (Rb) concentrations of alfalfa in the first year. In addition, strontium (Sr) concentration was increased by S2 treatment in the first year but was decreased in the second year. The stage of cutting greatly affected mineral concentrations. Compared with the first cutting, S concentrations were higher in the second and third harvest for both years. In general, the concentrations of P, Mg, Na, Cl, Mo, Ti, V, Br, Co, Ba, Sr, Rb, U, and Pb were increased, whereas the concentrations of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Ni were decreased with later cutting. The concentrations of K and Ca did not vary between cuts.

Monitoring buried remains with a transparent 3D half bird's eye view of ground penetrating radar data in the Zeynel Bey tomb in the ancient city of Hasankeyf, Turkey

The aim of this paper is to show a new monitoring approximation for ground penetrating radar (GPR) data. The method was used to define buried archaeological remains inside and outside the Zeynel Bey tomb in Hasankeyf, an ancient city in south-eastern Turkey. The study examined whether the proposed GPR method could yield useful results at this highly restricted site, which has a maximum diameter inside the tomb of 4 m. A transparent three-dimensional (3D) half birds eye view was constructed from a processed parallel-aligned two-dimensional GPR profile data set by using an opaque approximation instead of linear opacity. Interactive visualizations of transparent 3D sub-data volumes were conducted. The amplitude-colour scale was balanced by the amplitude range of the buried remains in a depth range, and appointed a different opaque value for this range, in order to distinguish the buried remains from one another. Therefore, the maximum amplitude values of the amplitude-colour scale were rearranged with the same colour range. This process clearly revealed buried remains in depth slices and transparent 3D data volumes. However, the transparent 3D half birds eye views of the GPR data better revealed the remains than the depth slices of the same data. In addition, the results showed that the half birds eye perspective was important in order to image the buried remains. Two rectangular walls were defined, one within and the other perpendicularly, in the basement structure of the Zeynel Bey tomb, and a cemetery was identified aligned in the east?west direction at the north side of the tomb. The transparent 3D half birds eye view of the GPR data set? also determined the buried walls outside the tomb. The findings of the excavation works at the Zeynel Bey tomb successfully overlapped with the new visualization results.

Sources of Environmental Pollution in Ankara (Turkey): Geochemistry and Traffic Effects—PEDXRF Applications

ABSTRACT Road dusts were collected from the main streets in the vicinity of Ankara, the capital city of Turkey, including exhaust dust samples from the different fuel-based motor vehicles and sample pieces of brake pads to characterize their metal compositions by polarized energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (PEDXRF) spectrometry. Road dust samples were gathered by a vacuum dust sweeper from nine different densely populated residential settlement regions of Ankara, far from large industrial plants. Heavy metal contents of the road dusts were analyzed during the summertime to determine the metal pollution due to the motor vehicle exhaust, abrasion of brake pads, and lithology, ignoring the industrial and heating sources of pollution. The results of the analysis showed that the elements of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sn, Pb, and Th in road dust samples were not derived from the lithology and industrial plants but from the motor fuel exhausts and brake pad abrasion. Generally, urban environmental pollution due to the toxic trace metals from traffic is harmful for the human health as well as the ecosystems near Ankara.

Ground penetrating radar and microwave tomography for the safety management of a cultural heritage site: Miletos Ilyas Bey Mosque (Turkey)

Detection and assessment of structural damage affecting foundation robustness is of significant relevance for the safety management of cultural heritage sites. In this framework, ground penetrating radar (GPR) is worth consideration owing to its capability of providing high resolution and detailed information about the inner status of a structure, without involving significant invasive actions and ensuring a fast survey. On the other hand, the effectiveness of a GPR diagnostic survey can be impaired by the low interpretability of the raw data radargrams; thus huge interest is currently focused on the development of advanced and application-oriented data processing strategies. In this paper, a data processing chain based on the combined use of the commercial REFLEXW program and a microwave tomography approach is presented. An assessment of the achievable imaging capabilities is provided by processing measurements collected during a survey at the Great Mosque of Ilyas Bey (Ilyas Bey Mosque), one of the most important cultural heritages in ancient Miletos-Iona in S?ke-Aydin city (Turkey).

XRF and Raman Characterization of Antimonite

Abstract Two type Antimonite (stibnite) ore samples were analyzed by polarized energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (PEDXRF) spectrometry and by confocal Raman spectrometry (CRS) in this study. The samples were collected from two different localities (İzmir-Ödemiş and Bursa-Uludağ zones from Turkey) according to the sampling methods. The first locality hosted within the metamorphic basement and the second locality hosted within the felsic intrusive rock units. The goal of this paper is to compare two different stibnite samples from various regions through PEDXRF and CRS with the optical characteristic features under the ore microscope. Ore microscopy studies reveal that the İzmir-Ödemiş stibnite is associated mainly with calcite and the Bursa-Uludağ stibnite is associated with celestite and quartz as gangue minerals. Two different colored species were observed in the stibnite of the studied samples. Ore microscopy results, CRS with the PEDXRF results show that the stibnites from the two different localities have different mineral associations, different chemical compositions, and different physical properties.