Sengul Karaman

Antibacterial and antifungal activity of the essential oils of Thymus revolutus Celak from Turkey

The chemical composition of the volatile constituent from flowering parts of Thymus revolutus C., an endemic plant of Turkey, were analysed by GC/MS. Twenty-two components were identified, and carvacrol was found as a predominant compound in the oil. Furthermore, the essential oil was tested against 11 bacteria and four fungi at different concentrations. Results showed that the oil exhibited a significant antibacterial and antifungal activity.

Allelopathic effect of some essential oils and components on germination of weed species

Abstract In this study, allelopathic effects of some essential oil plants (Carum carvi L., Coriandrum sativum L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Lavandula stoechas L., Mentha spicata L.,Origanum onites L., Pimpinella anisum L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L. and Thymbra spicata L.) were investigated against some common weed species (Alcea pallida Waldst. & Kit., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Centaurea salsotitialis L., Raphanus raphanistrum L., Rumex nepalensis Spreng., Sinapis arvensis L. and Sonchus oleraceus L.) that grow in field and horticultural crops. Different concentrations (3, 6, 10 and 20 µl) of the essential oils were tested against weed seeds in vitro and their effect on germination was determined. Inhibitory effects of essential oils and concentrations were analysed with Freadmans test and they were found significant. Essential oils from Carum carvi, Mentha spicata, Origanum onites and Thymbra spicata showed high inhibitory effect against weed seeds at lower concentrations. The main components (carvacrol, thymol, carvone, limonene) of these four essential oils were tested for seed germination at four different concentrations (500, 250, 125 and 62.5 µg/ml) against the same weeds.Thymol, carvacrol and carvone showed high inhibition even at low concentrations against weed seeds. Only Alcea pallida seeds showed resistance against all essential oils and components.

Oil composition and some morphological characters of Crambe orientalis var. orientalis and Crambe tataria var. tataria from Turkey

Native Crambe orientalis var. orientalis and Crambe tataria var. tataria collected from Kahramanmaras flora were morphologically examined and seed oil composition was determined. Volatile acid and fatty acid composition of seeds were examined with GC and GC/MS and the ratio of volatile acids to total oil was 3.49% in C. orientalis and 17.49% in C. tataria. The ratio of fatty acids to total oil was 92.03 and 67.28% in C. orientalis, and C. Tataria, respectively. The amount of erucic acid was 39.29% in C. orientalis and 29.87% in C. tataria. High linolenic acid (21.21%) and linoleic acid (12.42%) was found in C. orientalis oil, and high linolenic acid (15.01%) and linoleic acid (9.00%) was also found in C. tataria oil.

Extraction of Indigo from Some Isatis species and Dyeing Standardization Using Low-technology Methods

Fresh leaves of four Isatis species culture form of I. tinctoria L and wild forms of I. buschiana Schischkin, I. candolleana Boiss. (endemic) and I. tinctoria L. subsp. corymbosa. (Boiss.) were used for indigo production. Dyes were extracted by fermentation and hot water application. The extracted dyes were optimized with different pH and reducing agents. Results showed that the dye from hot water application produced the desired dying quality at pH 11. Reducing agent concentrations had no significant effect on color quality. Dark blue and blue colors were obtained from I. tinctoria and I. candolleana extracts although I. tinctoria subsp. corymbosa and I. buschiana produced mostly yellow-gray colors. Light, dry and wet rubbing fastness values varied between 3 and 3/4 while washing fastness was between 2 and 4/5. The highest indigo amounts were determined spectrophotometrically as 4.19 mg/g and 2.53 mg/g in I. tinctoria and I. candolleana, respectively. Results also showed that harvesting season was important for indigo production and the highest indigo amount was observed in mid-June.

Influence of Polyamines (Spermine, Spermidine and Putrescine) on The Essential Oil Composition of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Abstract Different concentrations (0.25,0.5,1,10 m M) of Spermine, Spermidine and Putrescine were applied to Ocimum basilicum seeds and the essential oil composition of basil cultivars were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Main compounds of basil plants were obtained as linalool and 1,8-cineole in all polyamines treatment. Although spermine treatments led to an increase of the linalool contents (between 40.4% and 56.8%) at all concentrations, high 1,8-cineole content (between 9.6% and 17.8%) were observed after spermidine treatments.

Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Origanum bargyli Mouterde from Turkey

Abstract Origanum bargyli Mouterde is a rare plant of this genus in Turkey. Essential oils from the aerial parts of O. bargyli were obtained by hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of the oils was analyzed by GC/MS. From the 24 identified constituents, p-cymene (19.6%), borneol (12.9%) and α-terpineol (11.0%) were found to be major components. Furthermore, the oil was tested against 11 bacteria and four fungi at different concentrations. The result showed that the oil exhibited significant antimicrobial activity.

Chemical Composition of Seed Oil from Turkish Prunus mahaleb L

Abstract In this study, seeds of Prunus mahaleb L., which are cultivated in the Anatolia region of Turkey, are obtained from the local market in Tokat, Turkey. Chemical composition of the seed oil from Turkish mahaleb was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the seed oils contained mainly oleic acid of 35.8 %, methyllinoleate 24.9 %, linolelaidic acid of 22.6 %, palmitic acid 5.6 %, α-linoleic acid of 3.0 %, stearic acid of 2.2 % and linoleic acid of 1.3 %, respectively. The chemical composition of seed oil from Turkish mahaleb was compared with other studies

Essential Oil Composition of Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. at Different Harvest Stages

Thymus is represented by 39 species (60 taxa) in Turkey and the rate of its endemism is 45% in Turkey. The herb is widely used for several purposes. Its essential oil compositions and biologically active substances are affected by the phenological stages. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the variations in the essential oil composition of Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb . growing in Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey at different phenological stages (pre-flowering, full flowering, post flowering). The oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of air-dried samples. The yields of oils (w/w %) at different phenological stages was respectively 2.0% at pre-flowering state, 1.9% at flowering stage, and 1.3% at post-flowering stage. T. × citriodorus was determined mainly by using GC/MS. A total of 21 compounds, representing 93.9% in the pre-flowering stage, 98.8% in the flowering stage and 98.91% in post-flowering of the total oil, were identified. Monoterpene hydrocarbons (terpinolene) and oxygenated monoterpenes (α-terpineol) were observed to have the highest percentage in T. × citriodorus oil. The major compounds of the oil were terpinolene, α- terpineol, linalool, bornyl acetate and borneol. The highest percentage of terpinolene was determined to be 71% in flowering stages.

Diurnal Variation Effects in Essential Oils of Wild Thyme (Thymbra spicata var. spicata L.) Under Cultivation Conditions

Abstract There are many folkloric uses of Thymbra spicata var. spicata. Very few thyme species are found in semi-arid climatic conditions. T. spicata is one among these which is not under cultivation anywhere. The essential oil of plant possesses high antibacterial and antioxidant properties due to presence of large amounts of phenolic components. The aim of this study was to verify the variation of essential oil and its composition among 12 different populations harvested every three hours in a day (from 06:00 to 21:00 h) along 24 hours for Thymbra spicata var. spicata on May 30, 2013. The essential oil of samples were analysed by GC-MS/FID. The results, proved that essential oil content of T. spicata var. spicata harvested at different times varied and ranged 2.02 to 5.04% such that the amount of essential oil content increased around noon (reaching its maximum at 12:00 h) followed by a decrease in afternoon hours. The essential oil of T. spicata var. spicata was analysed and a total of 20 components representing 89.57-99.14% of the oils were identified. The highest carvacrol content (70.87%) was obtained from 6.00 h harvest and the lowest one was obtained at 12.00 h harvest as 66.36%. Diurnal variation in p-cymene content was observed with maximum at 21:00 h harvest (6.89%) and minimum at 09:00 h (5.02%) harvest. γ-Terpinene content of essential oil was maximum when the plants were harvested at 12:00 h, while the lowest content was found when harvested at 06:00 h. Carvacrol content was highest in the morning harvest. The results suggest that high oil yield and carvacrol content vary according to the temperature and can be optimised by considering the harvest time of the plant during a day.