Süleyman Kizil

Effect of different developing stages on some agronomical characteristics and essential oil composition of Oregano (Origanum onites)

Abstract This study reports effects of three plant development stages (pre‐flowering, full flowering, and post‐flowering) of Oregano (Origanum onites) on plant height, fresh herbage yield, dry herbage yield, dry leaf yield, essential oil content, and essential oil yield. The results showed that the highest fresh, dry herbage, and dry leaf yield were obtained at the post‐flowering stage. However, dry leaf and essential oil yield showed a variation between 4.45–5.68 t ha−1 and 119.3–190.1 litre ha−1, respectively. Essential oil content was significantly affected by plant development stages and the highest oil content (3.65%) was obtained at the full flowering stage. The major components of essential oil were determined as carvacrol (42.12–57.0%), thymol (13.21–21.88%), and linalool (8.23–20.28%).

Blooming stages of Turkish hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) affect essential oil composition

Abstract Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.), native to the Caucasus, North Western Iran, Turkish North Eastern Black Sea region, and Southern Anatolia, is a highly valued medicinal plant. The experiment was conducted to find the effect of harvesting at different blooming stages of the plant on fresh and dry herbage yield, dry leaf yield, essential oil content, and essential oil components. In total, twenty-nine components were identified in hyssop essential oil by GC/MS. Isopinocamphone was the dominating component (47.9–51.4%) in the all analysed oil samples. The results clearly demonstrated that oil contents are seriously affected by the environmental conditions and stage of blooming, with the highest oil yield and oil contents at the post-blooming stage.

Microelement contents and fatty acid compositions of Rhus coriaria L. and Pistacia terebinthus L. fruits spread commonly in the south eastern Anatolia region of Turkey

Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) and terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus L.) are two important spice plants of south eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Nutrients, physical properties including moisture, ash, dry matter, protein, fatty oil and essential oil content, along with Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Ni, Pb, Zn and characteristics of fruit sizes and fatty acid compositions of both plants were determined from ripe fruits. The free fatty acid content was determined in the fruit oil, and the main fatty acids of sumac and terebinth were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. They included oleic, linoleic, palmitic and stearic acids in a ratio of 37.7% and 34.8%, 27.4% and 17.3%, 21.1% and 21.7% and, 4.7% and 2.5%, respectively. The fruits of both plants were rich in oil, fatty acids and minerals, suggesting that they are valuable for using in food. The data may also be useful for the evaluation of nutritional information.

Full Blooming Stage is Suitable for Herbage Yield and Essential Oil Content of Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.)

Abstract The study reports determination of appropriate development stage, its effects on herbage yield and essential oil content compositions of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L). The essential oil of summer savory was isolated by steam distillation and analysed by GC-MS. The results indicated that the highest dry leaf yield, fresh and dry herbage yield were obtained at post and full blooming stage. However, the highest essential oil content of 2.6 % was obtained at full blooming stage. Major essential oil components of summer savory were determined as thymol, γ-terpinene, carvacrol and cymol in ratio of 47.9, 19.6, 14.7 and 9.7 %, respectively. Thymol percentage increased at post harvest stage, in contrast to γ-terpinene. The results suggest that to achieve maximum oil yield for profitable income harvest should be done at full blooming stage.

Some agronomical characteristics and essential oil content of oregano (Origanum onites L.) as influenced by planting densities.

Abstract Oregano (Origanum onites L.) a highly valued medicinal plant, is rich in essential oil. The objective of the experiment was to determine the relative importance of planting densities on yield components and essential oil components of O. onites under semi arid rain fed conditions of South East Anatolian Turkey. Plant densities and environmental conditions affected growth components, essential oil percentage and essential oil yield variabilty. The results suggested variation among fresh and dry herb yield, dry leaf yield and essential oil composition in O. onites during two years of experimentation. Totally twenty-six components were identified in the oregano essential oil by GC-MS. Carvacrol (39.6 - 52.2 %) dominated all components identified in the essential oils. 45 x 20 cm plant density showed economical optimum herbage and oil yield on the non-calcareous arid soils of Diyarbakir in the Southeastern Anatolian Turkey.

Essential Oil Components, Microelement Contents and Antioxidant Effects of Nepeta italica L. and Achillea filipendulina LAM.

Abstract The genus Nepeta (Lamiaceae) and Achillea (Asteraceae) are widely distributed in Turkey. In this study, the essential oils of Nepeta italica L. and Achillea filipendulina LAM. collected from Dicle district in Diyarbakir province in the Southeast Anatolia and from Hakkari province in East Anatolia of Turkey, were obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts. The essential oils from Nepeta italica and Achillea filipendulina obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC Clarus 600-MS Clarus 600 C (Perkin Elmer) and microelements were analyzed by Perkin Elmer Optima 2100 DV ICP OEMS, and also antioxidant activity analyzed by DPPH radical scavenging assay. Achillea filipendulina and Nepeta italica essential oils showed similar antioxidant activity with inhibition of 55.3 % and 51.3 %, respectively, which are higher than BHT synthetic antioxidant with 23 % inhibition.

Improved in vitro regeneration and propagation of Tunceli garlic (Allium tuncelianum L.)

Summary Over-exploitation of endemic and threatened Tunceli garlic [Allium tuncelianum (Kollman) N. Ozhatay, B. Mathew & Siraneci] for household purposes has threatened the species and requires that a reliable, improved tissue culture protocol be developed for its conservation. Leaf tips, the middle portions of leaves, leaf bases, vertically-sectioned halved or quartered bulbs, horizontally-sectioned upper and lower bulb halves, and root tip explants were cultured on 1.0× Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, or 5.0 mg l–1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, or 5.0 mg l–1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) plus 0.5 mg l–1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The results indicated that root tip explants were most suitable for bulblet regeneration on 1.0× MS medium containing 5.0 mg l–1 BAP plus 0.5 mg l–1 NAA. All other explants failed to regenerate on different concentrations of BAP plus NAA, or on 2,4-D. The regenerated bulblets were acclimatised at 24º ± 1ºC and 80.0% relative humidity under growth chamber conditions, then transferred to pots containing peat-moss in a greenhouse. The results will be important for garlic breeders and researchers.

Biological Activities of Origanum, Satureja, Thymbra and Thymus Species Grown in Turkey

In the present study, seven thyme species Origanum onites, O. vulgare var. hirtum, O. vulgare var. gracile, O. syriacum, Satureja hortensis, Thymbra spicata, and Thymus vulgaris were used. The essential oils of these plants were obtained by the hydrodistillation method. Antimicrobial activities of the essential oils against microorganisms, including multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria, were investigated using the disc diffusion method. All the essential oils used in this study were very effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which included multiple resistant strains. All essential oils tested were especially very effective against Streptococcus pyogenes. The maximum antimicrobial activity was observed with the essential oils of S. hortensis. The antimicrobial activities of the essential oils varied depending on the species. In fact, the essential oils of some thyme species showed different levels of antimicrobial activities. The antioxidant activity results show that the percentage of inhibition values ranged from 28.32 to 94.55 %. Among essential oils, O. vulgare var. gracile oil showed the lowest antioxidant capacity (28.32 %), while S. hortensis showed the highest one (94.55 %). Generally, the data suggest that different thyme species oil possesses useful antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and may be utilized in the food industry and as a dietary supplement.

Essential Oil Composition of Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. at Different Harvest Stages

Thymus is represented by 39 species (60 taxa) in Turkey and the rate of its endemism is 45% in Turkey. The herb is widely used for several purposes. Its essential oil compositions and biologically active substances are affected by the phenological stages. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the variations in the essential oil composition of Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb . growing in Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey at different phenological stages (pre-flowering, full flowering, post flowering). The oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of air-dried samples. The yields of oils (w/w %) at different phenological stages was respectively 2.0% at pre-flowering state, 1.9% at flowering stage, and 1.3% at post-flowering stage. T. × citriodorus was determined mainly by using GC/MS. A total of 21 compounds, representing 93.9% in the pre-flowering stage, 98.8% in the flowering stage and 98.91% in post-flowering of the total oil, were identified. Monoterpene hydrocarbons (terpinolene) and oxygenated monoterpenes (α-terpineol) were observed to have the highest percentage in T. × citriodorus oil. The major compounds of the oil were terpinolene, α- terpineol, linalool, bornyl acetate and borneol. The highest percentage of terpinolene was determined to be 71% in flowering stages.

INTRODUCTION OF ENDEMIC Allium tuncelianum KOLLMAN FROM HOT AND TEMPERATE CLIMATE TO SEMI-ARID CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

Allium tuncelianum (Tunceli garlic) is a single cloved important threa tened endemic geophyte of high commercial importance that grows scattered on hot te mperate mountains under oak trees in the eastern Turkish province of Tunceli. Tunceli garlic is used diversely in salads, foods and in pharmaceutical i ndustry. They also offer a rich choice for their use in rock gardens and landscaping. There is need to dev elop appropriate agronomic practices for its propagation outside its habitat. In line with this objective, t he study optimized planting time (1 st September, 15 th September and 1 st October) of A. tuncelianum on mild alkaline soils under semi-arid climatic conditions of Diyarba kir, Turkey. The results of the study showed positiv e gain in morphological characteristics such that bul b diameter of the plants changed between 3.43 to 4.60 cm, bulb circumference ranged 14.4 to 16.1 cm and bulb weight had a range of 35.9 and 46.3 g. Thes e results underscore positive effects of early and mi September plantings of Tunceli garlic outside its habitat under semi-arid conditions for economic production with early harvest.