Seo Kyoung Park

Macroalgal Community Structure on the Rocky Shores of Ongdo, Jusamdo, and Woejodo Islands of the Yellow Sea, Korea

The benthic algal community structures of the seaweed biomass, vertical distribution of dominant seaweeds, and species composition were examined on the rocky shores of Ongdo, Jusamdo, and Woejodo Islands, Korea, in August 2006. A total of 68 seaweeds were identified, comprising 5 green, 11 brown, and 52 red algae from the three study sites. The number of species at Ongdo (32 species) was less than that at Jusamdo (45 species) and Woejodo (44 species). Jusamdo exhibited the maximum seaweed biomass (73.99 g dry wt/m 2 ), while the minimum value was found at Woejodo (36.90 g dry wt/m 2 ). On the three islands, coarsely branched forms were the most dominant functional group in terms of species number and biomass among benthic algal species. The dominant species were Gelidium amansii, Chondrus ocellatus, and Chrysymenia wrightii at Ongdo, Sargasum thunbergii, Ulva pertusa, and Sargassum fusiformis at Jusamdo, and U. pertusa, Undaria pinnatifida , and Corallina pilulifera at Woejodo. Perennial seaweeds were abundant at Ongdo (G. amansii and C. ocellatus) and Jusamdo (S. thunbergii and S. fusiformis), whereas the sheet form of U. pertusa was relatively abundant at Woejodo Island.

Seasonal Variation in Biomass and Community Structure of Intertidal Seaweeds at Heuksando and Hongdo, Southwestern Coast of Korea

해양생태계에서 일차생산자의 중요한 구성원의 하나인 해조 류는 무척추동물과 척추동물의 산란장과 섭이장 그리고 포식 자에 대한 은신처뿐만 아니라, 부착 동·식물에게는 착생기질로 이용되므로 해양생물의 종다양성과 생산성을 증대에 일조한다 (Lindstrom, 2009). 온대해역의 해조류 군집구조는 계절적으로 변화하는 수온, 염분 및 광주기 등 무생물적 환경요인(Lobban and Harrison, 1997)과 경쟁과 섭식압 등의 생물학적요인, 그리 고 인간의 직·간접적 활동(부영양화, 퇴적물의 증가 등)에 따라 변화한다(Tribollet and Vroom, 2007). 특히, 인간활동에 기인 한 환경오염이나 부영양화가 발생한 해역에서는 해조류의 종 다양성이 낮고 단순화된 군집구조를 가지는 것으로 알려져 있 어 해조상과 군집구조로 생태계의 환경변화를 예측 혹은 진단 할 수 있어 생물학적 지시자(biological indicator)로 사용된다 (Diez et al., 1999; Wells et al., 2007). 우리나라 전라남도 연안은 해안선의 굴곡이 심하고 다양한 크 기의 많은 섬들로 구성되어 있을 뿐만 아니라, 해류, 수온, 수심 과 탁도의 변화가 매우 심한 해황적 특성을 보인다(Kang, 1966; Choi, 1992). 전라남도 해역에서 해조류 연구의 시초는 정약전 이 1814년에 집필한 자산어보에서 흑산도에 35종이 출현한 것 으로 기록되어 있는 것이며, 해조학자인 Kang (1966)은 한국 산 해조류의 지리적 분포를 구분하면서 대흑산도와 소흑산도에 서 89종이 생육하는 것을 보고하였다. 이후 Lee et al. (1986a) 은 대흑산도와 소흑산도를 포함한 6개 섬의 하계 조사에서 129 종을 기재하였고 Kang (1966)의 연구 결과와 비교하여 이곳 에 서식하는 해조류는 총 160종으로 기록하였다. 이외에도 홍 도와 흑산도가 포함된 행정구역인 신안군의 우이도의 계절별

Seasonal Variation in Species Composition and Biomass of Microphytobenthos at Jinsanri, Taean, Korea

Seasonal species composition and biomass of microphytobenthos were examined at the intertidal flats of Jinsanri, Taean, Korea, from April to December 2011. In total, 121 species were identified, including 109 diatoms, 5 blue-green algae, and 5 dinoflagellates. Seasonal variation in species number ranged from 49 to 56 species (minimum in October and maximal in April), while vertical variation across three different shore levels ranged from 64 to 77 species with maximum at high and minimum at low shore. Species diversity ranged from 3.22 to 3.42 seasonally and from 3.50 to 3.17 across vertical shore levels. Seasonal average values of the normalized difference vegetation index and the vegetation index were 0.06 and 1.14, respectively. Chlorophyll a concentrations were , with a seasonal minimum and maximum in July and October, respectively, and a vertical shore maximum of at mid shore. Phaeopigment concentrations peaked in October () and at high shore () and were lowest in December () and at low shore (). The number of microphytobenthos ranged from 78,556 to 287,898 cells/, reaching a maximum in April and a minimum in July. The diatoms Paralia sulcata, Navicula sp., and Delphines surirella were dominant at all tidal levels over the study period. Dinoflagellates were dominant in July at low shore, and blue-green algae were abundant between July and October at mid shore. In conclusion, species composition and primary production of microphytobenthos exhibited clear seasonal and vertical patterns.

Marine Algal Flora and Community Structure at Gwanmaedo and Yeongsando, Korea

온대 해역의 암반에 서식하는 해조류는 전 세계적으로 생산성 이 가장 높은 일차생산자로서 어패류와 갑각류를 포함한 다양 한 해양생물의 은신처, 산란장, 생육장 및 먹이장과 같은 생태학 적 기능을 수행함으로써, 연안생태계에서 상위 먹이사슬 단계 에 있는 해양생물의 종다양성, 풍도 및 어장 형성에 많은 영향을 준다(Lindstorm, 2009; Janiak and Whitlatch, 2012; Satheest and Wesley, 2012; Liang et al., 2014). 또한, 해조류는 다양한 종이 직접 식용되거나, agar와 carrageenan과 같은 해조산업의 원료 및 의약품의 원료로서 경제적 가치가 높은 생물자원 중 하 나이다(Vandendriessche et al., 2006; Silva et al., 2012; Nadja et al., 2013). 이외에도, 해조류는 연안의 도시화와 산업화로 인 해 해양에 투기되는 무기 및 유기 오염물을 제거하는 생물여 과자(biofilter)와 생태계의 안정성을 유지하고 연안의 환경을 모니터링하는 생물학적 지시자(biological indicator)로 사용되 고 있다(Wells et al., 2007; Bernecker and Wehrtmann, 2009; Scherner et al., 2013). 이처럼 해조류는 생태학적 및 경제적 가치가 높음에도 불구 하고 인간활동은 연안환경의 화학 및 생물학적 상태를 변화시 켜 종다양성과 생물량, 피도 감소, 그리고 서식하는 해조류의 출현종 수를 지속적으로 감소시킨다(Parker et al., 2001; Wells et al., 2007; Wagdy et al., 2015). 인간 활동에 유래한 교란이 나 영양염이 유입되는 연안역에서는 생산성이 높은 수관부 형 성(canopy-forming) 켈프종에서 생산성이 낮은 덤불형성(turfforming) 해조류 혹은 기회성 녹조류인 갈파래류(Ulva spp.)와 한국 남서해안 관매도와 영산도의 해조상 및 군집구조

Effects of Temperature on the Spore Release and Growth of Lithophyllum yessoense and Hildenbrandia rubra

The effects of temperature on spore release, growth and photosynthetic efficiency of Lithophyllum yessoense and Hildenbrandia rubra were examined. L. yessoense was collected at Galnam and H. rubra was collected at Gyeokpo, Korea. The experimental temperatures were different for spore release (10, 15, ), sporeling growth (10, 15, 20, 25, ) and photosynthetic efficiency (10, 15, 20, ). All other culture conditions were the same: 34 psu, 12:12 LD and photon . Spore liberation was maximal at for L. yessoense and at for H. rubra. After 14 days, the surface area of L. yessoense was 0.031 at and for H. rubra was 0.032 at . Sporelings of L. yessoense were a dark-red color and grew in a round shape. In contrast, H. rubra was bright pink and changed from a round shape in the early growth stage to later become flabelliform. Photosynthetic efficiency was highest between in both species. In conclusion, L. yessoense and H. rubra display different physiological features based on the optimal temperatures for spore release and sporling growth.

Detrimental effects of sediment on attachment, survival and growth of the brown alga Sargassum thunbergii in early life stages: Sediment effects on Sargassum thunbergii

Sediment loading by human activities has increased in recent years and sedimentation in coastal areas is problematic because it removes seaweed forests. In this study, we examined the effects of different sediment quantities (0, 2, 4, and 6 mg cm−2) and particles sizes (<100, 100–250, and 250–600 μm) on zygote attachment, and germling survival and growth of Sargassum thunbergii, an economically and ecologically important species. Zygote attachment was negatively correlated with increased sediment quantities. However, it was not significantly different among sediment particle sizes. In addition, survival and growth of germlings were significantly inhibited by increased sediment quantity. Smaller particle size (< 100 μm) had greater negative impact on the survival and growth than bigger ones. Results of the present study suggest that early development of S. thunbergii is significantly inhibited by sediment. This might be a vital factor that results in forest depletion in Korea.

The Effects of Environmental Factors on the Growth of Lithophyllum yessoense and Hildenbrandia rubra Sporelings in Laboratory Culture

대형 해조류(macroalgae)와 식물성플랑크톤을 포함하는 해 양 조류(marine algae)는 지구 산소의 50-70%를 생산하고 CO2 의 약 25%를 흡수하고 침적하여 탄소순환에 관여하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 홍조류인 무절산호조류는 북극에서 남극까지, 환 경이 열악한 조간대 상부에서부터 차갑고 매우 약한 광이 도 달하는 한계 수심(최대 268 m)까지, 광범위한 분포를 보이며 (Littler and Littler, 1985; Bjork et al., 1995), “Maerl beds” (or rhodoliths)를 형성하는 Phymatolithon calcareum과 같이 부 착하지 않는 그룹과 생물과 무생물의 표면을 피복하여 서식하 는 각상형(crustose form) 그룹으로 구분된다. 무절산호조류인 Maerl은 해양 저서군집의 피복된 면적에서 “Big Four” (켈프 대, 해조숲, 해초대, 무절산호초대)에 포함되며(Foster, 2001), 유럽에서는 정원의 비료로 경제적 가치가 높아 프랑스의 Brittany해안에서는 1987년에 450,000톤이 채취되는 등(Potin et al., 1990), 과다 수확으로 개체군이 감소되고 있는 실정이다. 전 세계적으로 조하대에 주로 서식하는 각상형 무절산호조류는 산호초의 석회화율에 기여하고 다양한 저서생물 유생들의 착 생을 유도하는 생태적 기능을 하고 있다(Fabricius and De’ath, 2001). 일본에서는 1950년대 초에 갯녹음 해역이 급격하게 증 가되는 것을 관찰하고 다시마 숲(Laminaria beds)의 복원을 시

Protective effect of Neorhodomela aculeata methanolic extract through the suppressive action on NF-κB and STAT pathway in IL-1β and IFN-γ induced β-cell damage

The protective effects of Neorhodomela aculeata methanolic extract (N. aculeata) on IL-1β and IFN-γ induced β-cell cytotoxicity were examined in a rat insulinoma (RIN) cell line and islets. In the cytokine-treated RIN cells, nitric oxide (NO) production was reduced about 94% at 50 μg/ml of N. aculeata and its suppressive effect was ten times greater as compared to other effective oriental herbs, such as C. cinnamoni and A. capillaries. The inhibitory effects of NO production occurred through the suppression of iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) gene expression which has been confirmed with the changes of iNOS mRNA and protein levels. N. aculeata attenuated the cytokine-induced increase in nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) binding activity, p50 and p65 subunit levels in their nuclei, and at inhibitory kappa B alpha degradation in the cytosol. N. aculeata also attenuated the levels of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1 and -3 in whole RIN cells as well as the nuclear translocation of the STAT proteins. Therefore, the cytoprotective effects of N. aculeata were possibly mediated through the suppression of NF-κB and STAT pathways. These findings suggest the beneficial effects of N. aculeata when used for the prevention or attenuation of inflammatory and Type 1 diabetogenic processes.