Sergio Vieira dos Santos

Human toxocariasis: contribution by Brazilian researchers

In the present paper the main aspects of the natural history of human infection by Toxocara larvae that occasionally result in the occurrence of visceral and/or ocular larva migrans syndrome were reviewed. The contribution by Brazilian researchers was emphasized, especially the staff of the Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo (IMT).

Survival of Trypanosoma cruzi in sugar cane used to prepare juice

Chagas disease can be transmitted to man by many different means, including contact with infected triatomine feces, blood transfusion, laboratory accidents, organ transplants, and congenital or oral routes. The latter mode has received considerable attention recently. In this assay, we evaluate the survival of Trypanosoma cruzi contaminating sugar cane used to prepare juice, as well as the viability and capacity for infection by the parasite after recovery. Thirty triatomines were contaminated with T. cruzi Y strain and 45 days later pieces of sugar cane were contaminated with the intestinal contents of the insects. The pieces were ground at different intervals after contamination (time=0, 1, 4, 6, 12 and 24 hours) and the juice extracted and analyzed. Different methods were used to show T. cruzi in the juice: direct analysis, hematocrit tube centrifugation and QBC, and experimental inoculation in 47 female BALB/c mice (five control mice and seven mice for each interval examined (five inoculated orally and two intraperitoneally). Positive results were found using the direct analysis and QBC methods for juice prepared up to 12 hours after initial contamination. However, by the centrifugation technique, positivity was found only up to four hours after contamination of the sugar cane. Inoculated animals showed parasitemia during a 14 day observation period, demonstrating the high survival rate of T. cruzi in sugar cane.

Contaminação de canteiros da orla marítima do Município de Praia Grande, São Paulo, por ovos de Ancylostoma e Toxocara em fezes de cães

Contamination of the lawns and flower beds along the seafront of Praia Grande, SP, Brazil, by eggs of Ancylostoma and Toxocara in fecal samples of dogs was evaluated. Of the total samples analyzed, 45.9% were contaminated with Ancylostoma eggs and 1.2% with Toxocara eggs.

Larval recovery of Toxocara cati in experimentally infected Rattus norvegicus and analysis of the rat as potential reservoir for this ascarid

Toxocara cati is a common feline parasite transmitted by the ingestion of embryonated eggs, by the transmammary route or by predation of paratenic hosts harbouring third-stage larvae in their bodies. In the present study, the larval distribution of T. cati in tissues and organs of Rattus norvegicus experimentally infected with 300 embryonated eggs was analysed. Third-stage larvae were recovered from livers, lungs, kidneys, eyes, brains and carcasses of infected rats, following tissue digestion with HCl 0.5% for 24 h at 37 degrees C. Some differences from the known larval distribution of Toxocara canisin the same rodent species were found.

BEHAVIORAL AND MEMORY CHANGES IN Mus musculus COINFECTED BY Toxocara canis AND Toxoplasma gondii

Several researchers have stated that parasites can alter the behavior of their hosts, in order to increase the transmission rate, principally when prey-predator relationships are a reliable way of infection transmission. The aim of this study was to verify the occurrence of changes in anxiety and short-term memory patterns in experimentally infected Mus musculus by Toxocara canis and/or Toxoplasma gondii. Forty male Mus musculus (Balb/c) eight-week-old were divided into four groups of 10 mice each. One group was infected with 300 eggs of Toxocara canis; a second group was submitted to infection with 10 cysts of Toxoplasma gondii; a third group was concomitantly infected with both parasites with the same inoculums and the last group was maintained without infection. The anxiety levels were evaluated using an elevated plus maze and an actometer; the short-term memory was determined by a two-way active avoidance equipment. The determination of anxiety levels were conducted 40 and 70 days after infection and the short-term memory was evaluated 140 days after infection. Mice chronically infected by Toxoplasma gondii showed impaired learning and short-term memory, but no significant differences were found in mice infected by Toxocara canis or concomitantly infected by Toxocara canis and Toxoplasma gondii when compared to non infected mice.

Experimental toxocariasis in BALB/c mice: relationship between parasite inoculum and the IgG immune response

BALB/c mice were inoculated with 5-500 Toxocara canis infective eggs, and bled at 15-120 days post infection (dpi) to evaluate the dynamics of IgG antibody response and larvae distribution. Positive results were observed in all occasions for every inoculum, and a direct proportional relationship between antibody detection and the parasitic load was observed. In samples collected at 60 dpi, detection of IgG was more intense, especially with the 50 and 500 egg doses; also, a correlation between antibody level and egg count was observed with these two inocula. At 120 dpi, a decrease in antibody titer was observed for all groups; and at the end of the experiment, larvae were recovered from carcass, liver and brain. In the liver, larvae were only found in mice inoculated with 500 T. canis eggs. In carcasses, these were recovered in all groups, and the group inoculated with 50 eggs showed the highest percentage of larvae in the brain.

EFFICACY OF NITAZOXANIDE AGAINST Toxocara canis: LARVAL RECOVERY AND HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE IN EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED MICE

SUMMARY The efficacy of nitazoxanide (NTZ) against toxocariasis was investigated in an experimental murine model and results were compared to those obtained using mebendazole. Sixty male BALB/c mice, aged six to eight weeks-old, were divided into groups of 10 each; fifty were orally infected with 300 larvaed eggs of T. canisand grouped as follows, G I: infected untreated mice; G II: infected mice treated with MBZ (15 mg/kg/day) 10 days postinfection (dpi); G III: infected mice treated with NTZ (20 mg/kg/day) 10 dpi; G IV: infected mice treated with MBZ 60 dpi; G V: infected mice treated with NTZ 60 dpi; GVI: control group comprising uninfected mice. Mice were bled via retro-orbital plexus on four occasions between 30 and 120 dpi. Sera were processed using the ELISA technique to detect IgG anti- Toxocaraantibodies. At 120 dpi, mice were sacrificed for larval recovery in the CNS, liver, lungs, kidneys, eyes and carcass. Results showed similar levels of anti- ToxocaraIgG antibodies among mice infected but not submitted to treatment and groups treated with MBZ or NTZ, 10 and 60 dpi. Larval recovery showed similar values in groups treated with NTZ and MBZ 10 dpi. MBZ showed better efficacy 60 dpi, with a 72.6% reduction in the parasite load compared with NTZ, which showed only 46.5% reduction. We conclude that administration of these anthelmintics did not modify the humoral response in experimental infection by T. canis. No parasitological cure was observed with either drug; however, a greater reduction in parasite load was achieved following treatment with MBZ.

Behavioral changes in experimentally infected Rattus norvegicus by Toxocara cati or T. canis

Toxocara canis and T. cati are parasitic nematodes of dogs and cats, transmitted by the ingestion of embryonated eggs, by the transmammary and transplacentary routes or by predation of paratenic hosts harboring third-stage larvae in their bodies. The transplacentary route occurs only in T. canis infection. Many parasites have mechanisms to change the host’s behavior in order to ensure their transmission. Several researchers have demonstrated the occurrence of behavioral changes, using mice as a model of paratenic host for T. canis. However, there are no studies on the occurrence of changes in behavior of Rattus norvegicus experimentally infected with T. cati. The aims of this study were to investigate the distribution of T. cati larvae in R. norvegicus and determine the myotropic and neurotropic phases in the infection of this parasite, and to compare behavior of male and female rodents experimentally infected with either T. canis or T. cati, in the acute and chronic periods of infection. The variables measured were: anxiety, motor activity and muscle strength. Initially we used 21 rats aged eight weeks, infected with 300 eggs of T. cati. On days 3, 5, 8, 10, 15, 30 and 60 post-infection three animals were killed to count the larvae in the organs and muscle. In the second experiment 50 females and 50 males of R. norvegicus, with six to eight weeks of age were used. For each sex the animals were divided into three groups: T. canis 20 rats infected with 300 eggs of T. canis, T.cati -20 rats infected with 300 eggs of T. cati and control 10 rats infection free. On days 5, 15, 40 and 70 post-infection, the infected animals and control groups were submitted to evaluation of behavioral variables and determination of forepaws’ muscle strength. It was verified that the neurotropic phase of larvae occurred mainly in the 15 dpi and 30 dpi. Myotropic phase occurred during all experimental period, but especially 15 and 60 dpi. In regard to muscle strength in females, a significant difference in the three groups was observed only after 40 post-infection. In males there was significant difference among the three groups throughout the experiment. In the behavioral variables, only the female of the group infected with T. canis showed significant differences after 40 dpi when compared to control group. Males showed no significant differences in the performance evaluation. It can be concluded that T. cati migration behavior was different, R. norvegicus regardless of sex showed greater decrease in muscle strength when infected with T. cati and only infected females by T. canis showed behavioral changes remaining more time under conditions of exposure in the open field.

Dientamoeba fragilis: um parasito enigmático

Foram abordados os principais aspectos relativos a morfologia, biologia, epidemiologia e possivel patogenicidade de Dientamoeba fragilis, protozoario intestinal atualmente classificado como pertencente a ordem Trichomonadida. Descritores: Dientamoeba, Dientamebiase, Trichomonadida, Infeccoes por protozoarios, Enteropatias parasitarias

Migration pattern of Toxocara canis larvae in experimentally infected male and female Rattus norvegicus

Introduction: Migration of Toxocara canis larvae was investigated in male and female Rattus norvegicus. Methods: Eighteen male and 18 female R. norvegicus were infected with 300 T. canis eggs. Three male and three female rats were euthanized at 3, 7, 10, 15, 30, and 60 days post-infection, and T. canis larvae were recovered by means of organ and tissue digestion. Results: Female rats showed a greater number of larvae in the liver than males. Conclusions: Paratenic host sex influences the migration pattern of T. canis larvae.