Serife Zihni Eyupoglu

Have gender differences in job satisfaction disappeared? A study of Turkish universities in North Cyprus

The main purpose of this study is to provide empirical evidence to establish whether gender differences exists in relation to the job satisfaction of male and female university teachers in Turkish universities in North Cyprus. The study will also demonstrate whether gender is a reliable predictor of their job satisfaction. The study instrument used was the short form Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) which measures job satisfaction using 20 facets of the job. The instrument was personally administered to respondents. The population for the study consisted of university teachers in North Cyprus. A total of 412 university teachers (69% response rate) agreed to take part in the study. Data analysis consisted of the computation of descriptive statistics in order to examine the job satisfaction levels of the university teachers, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in order to understand whether a statistically significant relationship between job satisfaction and gender exists. The study results demonstrate that university teachers are only moderately satisfied with their job. Addititonlly, results indicate that female university teachers, as compared to male university teachers, have a higher level of satisfaction with overall job satisfaction with this difference being statistically significant with gender. The study supports general findings in the literature relating higher job satisfaction levels for female university teachers. Out of the 20 facets of the job examined, 7 are found to be statistically significant with gender. The study concludes that gender differences do exist in relation to the job satisfaction of university teachers.

Approximate Reasoning on a Basis of Z -Number-Valued If–Then Rules

Approximate reasoning is about reasoning with imperfect information. Nowadays, a large diversity of approaches to approximate reasoning with fuzzy information and fuzzy type-2 information exists. It should be stressed, however, that real-world imperfect information is characterized by combination of fuzzy and probabilistic uncertainties, which is referred to as bimodal information. In view of this, Zadeh introduced the concept of a <italic>Z</italic>-number regarded as an ordered pair <italic>Z</italic> = (<italic>A</italic>, <italic>B</italic>) of fuzzy numbers <italic>A</italic> and <italic>B</italic>, where <italic>A</italic> is a linguistic value of a variable of interest, and <italic>B</italic> is a linguistic value of probability measure of <italic>A</italic>, playing a role of its reliability. Unfortunately, up to day, there is no research on approximate reasoning realized on the basis of if–then rules with <italic>Z</italic>-number-valued antecedents and consequents, briefly, <italic>Z-</italic> rules. Zadeh addressed this problem as related to an uncharted territory. In this paper, a new approach is developed to study approximate reasoning with <italic>Z-</italic>rules on a basis of linear interpolation. We provide an application of the approach to job satisfaction evaluation and to students’ educational achievement evaluation problems related to psychological and perceptual issues naturally characterized by imperfect information. The obtained results show applicability and validity of the proposed approach.

The Job Satisfaction of Bank Employees in North Cyprus

Abstract The main purpose of this study was to provide empirical evidence to establish whether job satisfaction exists among bank employees in North Cyprus. The study instrument used was the short form Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) which measures job satisfaction using 20 facets of the job. The questionnaire was distributed to 723 bank employees, with 702 of them being returned. Of these 702 returned questionnaires’ 679 were valid. Data analysis consisted of the computation of descriptive statistics in order to examine the job satisfaction levels of the respondents. The study results indicated that bank employees were moderately satisfied with their job.

The Organizational Citizenship Behaviour of Academic Staff in North Cyprus

Abstract Due to its contribution to the effective functioning of organizations the topic of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) has gained much attention over the past years and has been studied in a diversity of settings. The purpose of this study was to examine OCB in the higher education sector. More specifically, the study investigated the degree of OCB that exists amongst the academic staff at a private university in North Cyprus. The study instrument utilized was the “Organizational Citizenship Behaviour Scale” developed by Podsakoff et al. (1990) which is the most widely used OCB study instrument in the literature. The 24 item scale measures the five subscales/dimensions of OCB, namely altruism, conscientiousness, sportsmanship, courtesy, and civic virtue. The average of all 24 items calculates overall OCB. The study results indicate that OCB does exist amongst the academic staff at the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences; however the results are only partial in that the study is still ongoing. The complete study results will enable the researcher to conclude whether academic staff from different faculties indicates different levels of OCB.