Shalini Roy

How Do Intrahousehold Dynamics Change When Assets Are Transferred to Women? Evidence from BRAC’s Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction — Targeting the Ultra Poor Program in Bangladesh

We study BRAC’s Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction—Targeting the Ultra Poor (CFPR-TUP) program in Bangladesh, which targets asset transfer (primarily livestock) and training to rural women in poor households. Previous research has shown large, significant positive program impacts at the household level. In this paper, we examine intrahousehold impacts using mixed methods. We focus on the Specially Targeted Ultra-Poor (STUP) component of the program, which targets households selected following a randomized controlled trial design. Adding a new round of data collection with quantitative sex-disaggregated information and qualitative exploration, we exploit the randomized design to assess intrahousehold impacts of STUP. Our analysis confirms that the program significantly increases household ownership of various assets but has complex effects on the targeted women.

Can dairy value-chain projects change gender norms in rural Bangladesh? Impacts on assets, gender norms, and time use

Value-chain projects are increasingly being used to link smallholders to markets. However, in contexts where women tend to own and control fewer assets than men, and are more likely to be involved in informal rather than formal market activities, there is potential for value-chain projects to have unintended consequences on gender dynamics.

Bolsa Família and Household Labor Supply

There is considerable debate about whether social protection programs providing transfers to households create disincentives for labor supply, but little attention is paid to the effect of programs on other forms of labor reallocation. This article estimates the impact of Brazil’s Bolsa Família program on several dimensions of household labor supply, using propensity-score-weighted regression. We find no disincentive effects on aggregate household labor supply but large effects on labor allocation between sectors and across household members. The program causes a substantial reallocation of labor hours from formal- to informal-sector work. We argue that this shift is plausibly induced by the program’s use of formal-sector income to determine means-tested eligibility. The shift toward informal work is observed only in urban areas, not in rural areas—a pattern consistent with larger formal/informal wage differentials in rural areas. We also find reallocation of labor hours from females to males in rural households, with potentially mixed implications for rural women’s time burden and decision-making power.

Nutrition behaviour change communication causes sustained effects on IYCN knowledge in two cluster-randomised trials in Bangladesh

Abstract Behaviour change communication (BCC) can improve infant and young child nutrition (IYCN) knowledge, practices, and health outcomes. However, few studies have examined whether the improved knowledge persists after BCC activities end. This paper assesses the effect of nutrition sensitive social protection interventions on IYCN knowledge in rural Bangladesh, both during and after intervention activities. We use data from two, 2‐year, cluster randomised control trials that included nutrition BCC in some treatment arms. These data were collected at intervention baseline, midline, and endline, and 6–10 months after the intervention ended. We analyse data on IYCN knowledge from the same 2,341 women over these 4 survey rounds. We construct a number correct score on 18 IYCN knowledge questions and assess whether the impact of the BCC changes over time for the different treatment groups. Effects are estimated using ordinary least squares accounting for the clustered design of the study. There are 3 main findings: First, the BCC improves IYCN knowledge substantially in the 1st year of the intervention; participants correctly answer 3.0–3.2 more questions (36% more) compared to the non‐BCC groups. Second, the increase in knowledge between the 1st and 2nd year was smaller, an additional 0.7–0.9 correct answers. Third, knowledge persists; there are no significant decreases in IYCN knowledge 6–10 months after nutrition BCC activities ended.

Behavior change communication activities improve infant and young child nutrition knowledge and practice of neighboring non-participants in a cluster-randomized trial in rural Bangladesh

Objective To examine the impact on infant and young child nutrition knowledge and practice of mothers who were neighbors of mothers participating in a nutrition Behavior Change Communication (BCC) intervention in rural Bangladesh. Methods We analyzed data from 300 mothers whose neighbor participated in a nutrition BCC intervention and 600 mothers whose neighbor participated in an intervention that did not include BCC. We constructed measures capturing mothers’ knowledge of infant and young child nutrition (IYCN) and measures of food consumption by children 6-24m. The effect on these outcomes of exposure to a neighbor receiving a nutrition BCC intervention was estimated using ordinary least squares and probit regressions. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (Study ID: NCT02237144). Results Having a neighboring mother participate in a nutrition BCC intervention increased non-participant mothers’ IYCN knowledge by 0.17 SD (translating to 0.3 more correct answers). They were 14.1 percentage points more likely to feed their 6-24m children legumes and nuts; 11.6 percentage points more likely to feed these children vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; and 10.0 percentage points more likely to feed these children eggs. Children of non-participant mothers who had a neighboring mother participate in a nutrition BCC intervention were 13.8 percentage points more likely to meet World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for minimum diet diversity, 11.9 percentage points more likely to meet WHO guidelines for minimum acceptable diet, and 10.3 percentage points more likely to meet WHO guidelines for minimum meal frequency for children who continue to be breastfed after age 6m. Children aged 0-6m of non-participant mothers who are neighbors of mothers receiving BCC were 7.1 percentage points less likely to have ever consumed water-based liquids. Conclusions Studies of nutrition BCC that do not account for information spillovers to non-participants may underestimate its benefits in terms of IYCN knowledge and practice.

Assets, Decisionmaking, and Time Use: The Gendered Impacts of a Dairy Value-Chain Project in Rural Bangladesh

Participation in value chains can help link smallholder farm households to markets, but little evidence exists on how implications differ for individuals within a household. We assess how participation in a dairy value chain project in rural Bangladesh affected asset ownership, decisionmaking, mobility, and time allocation across household members. Using propensity-score-weighted regression, we find that project participation did not significantly change ownership of livestock, though it slightly increased joint ownership by husbands and wives of agricultural and nonagricultural productive assets, indicating joint income diversification beyond dairy. Decisionmaking regarding household expenditures and use of milk remained dominated by men, although women’s voice increased in decisions about cattle feed and inputs. Project participation increased some dimensions of women’s mobility, as well. However, participation also shifted household members’ time use, with women spending more time caring for livestock and less time feeding and looking after young children.