Shankar G Patil

Analysis of human papilloma virus in oral squamous cell carcinoma using p16: An immunohistochemical study

Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression of human papilloma virus (HPV) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to correlate the association of HPV in histological grades of OSCC using p16 (p16INK4a) immunohistochemistry (IHC). Subjects and Methods: This study consists of 30 histological diagnosed cases of OSCC (10-well-differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma [WDOSCC], 10-moderately differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma [MDOSCC] and 10-poorly differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma [PDOSCC]). The sections were subjected to IHC procedure using p16. Two parameters in immunohistochemical p16 expression were evaluated by 3 observers based on the criteria by Galgano M. Tetal (2010) (a) percentage of p16 positive cases (b) pattern of p16 staining in various grades of OSCC. Statistical Analysis Used: Kappa test. Results: Totally, 30 samples of 0SCC, p16 positivity was noted in 26/30 (86.66%). Of 26 positive cases, p16 staining was positive in 7/10 (70%) of WDOSCC, 9/10 (90%) in MDOSCC and, 10/10 (100%) PDOSCC. Incidentally, we also found single dispersed cell staining in WDOSCC, patchy staining in MDOSCC and more diffuse staining pattern predominant in PDOSCC. Conclusions: Our study revealed an association between HPV and OSCC. Diffuse staining pattern was noted in PDOSCC, which in turn depicts the increase viral overload, which might have an influence on its aggressive behavior.

Primary oral non-Hodgkin's lymphoma - A clinicopathologic study with immunohistochemical analysis

Context: Non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL) is a group of highly diverse malignancies whose prognosis depends on the histologic type and associated factors like HIV positivity. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate eight cases of NHL for their histologic type and HIV positivity, since both are major prognostic factors for NHL. Settings and Design: Eight cases of primary NHL of the oral cavity were evaluated for age, sex, clinical presentation, and the histologic type, along with immunohistochemistry. These cases were also evaluated for HIV positivity. Materials and Methods: NHL cases which were diagnosed through the dental OPD and subsequent biopsy procedure were chosen. The patient data, including age, sex, location, clinical presentation, radiographic presentation, metastasis, and histologic subtype, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification were tabulated. Immunohistochemical markers were used to confirm the cell type. CD20 and CD3 were used for B cell and T cell, respectively. Subsequent western blot analysis was carried out for HIV detection. Results: 75% of the NHL was of B-cell type; of this, 83% was found to be diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, which is an aggressive variant. 62.5% of cases were found to be HIV positive. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the need for HIV investigation in NHL cases and the need to determine the histologic type, both of which significantly affect the treatment outcome and prognosis.

Cellular cannibalism in giant cells of central giant cell granuloma of jaw bones and giant cell tumors of long bones

AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship of central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) and giant cell tumor of long bones (GCT) with respect to cannibalistic giant cells (GCs). METHOD Sixteen cases each of CGCG and GCT were histopathologically analyzed for cannibalistic GCs. One hundred GCs were examined in each section, and the number of cannibalistic GCs was expressed in percentage. RESULTS Cannibalistic GCs were seen in all cases of CGCG and GCT (100%). GCT showed significantly higher mean cannibalistic GC frequency (44.81 ± 1.013) than CGCG (32.06 ± 1.398), aggressive CGCG (38.17 ± 1.579), non-aggressive CGCG (28.40 ± 0.6360), non-recurrent CGCG (30.42 ± 1.417), and recurrent CGCG (37.00 ± 2.483). In aggressive CGCG, the mean cannibalistic GC frequency was significantly higher (38.17 ± 1.579) than the non-aggressive variant (28.40 ± 0.6360). Recurrent CGCG cases showed significantly higher mean cannibalistic GC frequency (37.00 ± 2.483) than non-recurrent cases (30.42 ± 1.417). Similarly, recurrent GCT showed significantly higher mean cannibalistic GC frequency (47.4 ± 4.97) than non-recurrent GCT (43.63 ± 3.1). CONCLUSION The distinctness of CGCG and GCT was observed in terms of mean cannibalistic GC count. The assessment of cannibalistic GC in CGCG and GCT could help in predicting the biological behavior and grading of the tumor.

Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in carcinomas and sarcomas affecting the oral cavity

Context: Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is a cytoplasmic enzyme which plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of oral carcinomas and sarcomas. Aims: The objective of this study was to analyze the immunohistochemical expression of iNOS in carcinomas and sarcomas affecting the oral cavity in order to understand the possible role of iNOS in their biologic behavior and to correlate iNOS expression with lymph node metastasis in carcinomas and sarcomas. Settings and Design: Patients, who attended the oral diagnosis department of Vinayaka Missions Sankarachariyar Dental College, were screened, for the purpose of the study. Besides these, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were also retrieved from archives of the Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Department. A total of 40 cases (20 carcinomas and 20 sarcomas) were selected for the study. Subjects and Methods: A total of 40 cases (20 carcinomas and 20 sarcomas) were selected for the study. Five apparently normal tissues were obtained from the tumor adjacent normal tissue to be used as a control. These were subjected to immunohistochemical staining using antibody to iNOS and evaluated. Statistical Analysis Used: The results were analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results: Among the 20 carcinomas 19 showed a positive immunoreactivity for iNOS and 1 case was negative. Among the 19 immunopositive iNOS cases of carcinomas, 15 cases showed positive lymph node metastasis. Among the sarcomas, positive immunoreactivity for iNOS was seen in 10 hard tissue sarcomas, while the remaining 10 soft tissue sarcomas were negative for iNOS expression. The results were analyzed using the Chi-square test. Conclusions: iNOS is a reliable marker for lymph node metastasis in carcinomas irrespective of the histologic grade. The high expression in carcinomas shows that the carcinomas elaborate more angiogenesis for growth compared with the sarcomas with the exception of hard tissue sarcomas.

Palatal Abscess with an Incidental Finding of Odontome

ABSTRA C T The palatal abscess can pose a challenging diagnostic dilemma for the dentist. Dental causes must be considered in the differential diagnosis of palatal abscess. It typically presents as a swelling palatal to the carious tooth in the oral cavity. Ideal treatment includes surgical drainage and treatment of the offending tooth. A case of palatal abscess is presented here with the incidental finding of a compound odontome.

Evaluation of Nonsurgical Treatment Effects on Salivary Melatonin Level in Periodontal Disease: A Radioimmunoassay Study

Introduction: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory infection in which tissue destruction is associated with an imbalance between oxidant-antioxidant systems. Melatonin is an antioxidant biomarker that has an antioxidant action. Nonsurgical treatment is one periodontal treatment method that affects etiologic factors. This study investigated salivary melatonin concentration and its changes following nonsurgical treatment in periodontal disease. Materials and methods: This study is a case control one where the study groups included 45 patients with periodontal disease and 15 healthy subjects selected as controls. Unstimulated saliva was collected before and after scaling and root planing. Sample was evaluated by radioimmunoassay (RIA) method. In order to analyze the data t-test, ANOVA was used. The p < 0.05 Results: Melatonin was detected in study group before nonsurgical treatment. Salivary melatonin levels in the severe groups (p < 0.05). The melatonin changes were statistically clinical parameter was observed (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Nonsurgical treatments improve clinical parameters. Salivary melatonin level has correlation with changes in clinical parameters. The melatonin production after nonsurgical treatment had correlation with severity of disease.

A Critical Review of Dental Caries in Individuals with Cleft Lip

Introduction: People with cleft lip and palate (CLP) often have Objectives: To review the literature and to seek an epidemioMaterials and methods: In the PubMed database and Web of Knowledge, using the keywords ‘dental caries’ and ‘cleft lip,’ collection of the epidemiological data of dental caries from each paper, the age of the study subjects, the severity of dental caries Results: The cross-sectional studies totaled four papers, and there were nine case-control studies; six of them showed a more severe caries index in the case group (CLP), two studies showed the control group (without CLP) having higher caries severity, and one only paper with one age (14 years) indicated Conclusion: Overall, the rate of dental decay found in individuals with CLP was higher than among people without

External Root Resorption of Young Premolar Teeth in Dentition with Crowding

INTRODUCTION Root resorption is the process that may lead to a partial loss of dental hard tissues (e.g. resorption of dentin and cementum as a result of odontoclastic action). Root resorption can be physiological or pathological. Physiological root resorption of deciduous teeth results in the exfoliation of the teeth allowing the eruption of the permanent successors. Root resorption which may occur in permanent teeth is due to a