Sharon Kay Stoll

Muscle Activation Patterns and Patellofemoral Pain in Cyclists

INTRODUCTION Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is pervasive and debilitating in the sport of cycling. Currently, little is known about the underlying mechanism causing patellofemoral pain in cyclists. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine whether temporal differences in the muscle activity of the vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), semitendinosus (ST), and biceps femoris (BF) were correlated to patellofemoral pain in cycling. METHODS Ten healthy cyclists (six women and four men, height = 1.74 ± 0.10 cm, weight = 71.9 ± 16.5 kg, cycling experience = 199.5 ± 82 miles · wk(-1)) and seven cyclists with PFPS (one woman and six men, height = 1.84 ± 0.08 cm, weight = 89.8 ± 9.4 kg, cycling experience = 228 ± 51 miles · wk(-1)) volunteered to participate in this study. Each participant completed a 10-min cycling trial during which surface EMG was recorded for the VM, VL, ST, and BF muscles. Sagittal plane knee kinematic data were recorded using an electrogoniometer. RESULTS An ANOVA revealed no significant difference between groups for the differences in onset times of the VM and VL (P = 0.805). There were significant differences between groups for the differences in offset time of the VM and VL (P = 0.032), the differences in onset time of BF and ST (P < 0.001), and the differences in offset time of the ST and BF (P = 0.024). Root mean square values for BF activity were significantly higher in the PFPS group compared with the control (CTL) group (P < 0.01), and ST values were significantly lower in the PFPS group compared with the CTL group (P < 0.01). Root mean square values for BF were significantly greater than ST activity in the PFPS group (P < 0.01) but not in the CTL group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that trained cyclists with PFPS exhibit altered temporal characteristics in muscle activation patterns compared with trained cyclists without PFPS.

Social Justice: An Historical and Philosophical Perspective.

S ocial justice in education concerns three questions: whom do we teach, what do we teach, and how do we teach? In this article I will briefly discuss social justice and its related concepts, its historical underpinnings, the social climate that brought about social change, and its effect on teaching physical activity, as well as give personal examples of how each of those factors affected me as a physical educator.

Athletics: The Good It Should Do.

The purpose of this article is to discuss a coach’s perspective of the good that sport should do. The author argues that the relationships developed through the coaching experience are powerful, formative, and exceptional. She discusses the important moral values of sharing and caring and how these are important in the moral development of the athlete.

Moral Reasoning in Sport: Validation of the Portuguese Version of the RSBH Value-Judgement Inventory in Adolescents

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Portuguese version of the Rudd Stoll Beller Hahm Value-judgement Inventory (RSBHVI) in a sample of adolescents. The RSBHVI, which measures moral and social reasoning, was translated using a back translation method. A sample of 238 10th to 12th grade high school students (age mean value 16.93 years, s = 1.34) completed the Portuguese versions of RSBH, and the Task and Ego-orientation Questionnaire. Partial support for the original structure of the moral reasoning scale, but not the social reasoning scale, was found. Females, and non-athletes and individual sport athletes scored significantly higher than males and team sport athletes in moral reasoning, respectively. Moral reasoning was negatively correlated with ego-orientation (r = −30; p <. 001) and uncorrelated with task-orientation (r = .10, p > .05). Participants who were low-ego scored higher in moral reasoning than those who were high-ego. It is suggested that decreasing levels of ego-orientation may be necessary to improve athletes’ moral reasoning.

The Effects of Athletic Competition on Character Development in College Student Athletes

Abstract This article argues that there are inherent problems in athletic competition relating to character development in college student athletes. A review of the research supports the claim that athletic competitions do not build character. The author proposes ways to address this problem and provides personal observations and published research to support her position.

The Problem of Ethics and Athletics: An Illegitimate Stepsister.

The purpose of the article is to discuss the glittering, bejeweled, daring, illegitimate stepsister of questionable character in the collegiate environment: the department of athletics. The author argues how this stepsister might become legitimate if the product of athletics were viewed and valued differently. An argument is presented that if football or all other athletic sports became majors, the effects would demand major changes in how athletics are practiced in the university regarding coach education, coach hiring, athlete education, and salaries and ethical practice. The illegitimate stepsister might then become legitimate and valued.

Fair Play: The Purpose of the Game: Responsibility in Action

Fair Play: The Purpose of the Game: Responsibility in Action Sharon Kay Stoll a , Jennifer M. Beller b & Terrence E. Barmann c a University of Idaho, Division of HPERD , Moscow , ID , 83844 E-mail: b Eastern Michigan University, Dept. of HPERD , 235 Warner Bldg., Ypsilanti , MI , 48197 c Northwest Missouri State University , 204 Lamkin Activity Center, 800 University Drive, Maryville , MO , 64468 E-mail: Published online: 25 Jan 2013.

The Use of Phenomenology to Investigate and Describe Sport in the Historical Genre: An Alternative Approach to Sport History

Unfortunately, sport philosophy and sport history have become separate interdisciplinary approaches to the study of sport. Sport history has limited its examinations to the developmental occurrences and the influences of sport activity on the human experience. On the other hand, sport philosophy has concerned itself with such ultimate questions as the purpose, conduct, and character of man in sport. The two approaches have evolved into highly organized interdisciplinary areas, each with different foci, separate research organizations, and different goals. This should not be, because fundamentally, the two are complementary in revealing the essential place of sport in human life. Research needs to focus on the union of the historical and philosophical perspectives to understand the place of man in sport. This paper attempts to reunite these two interdisciplinary approaches to the study of sport using an existential phenomenological description in the historical genre—specifically, the Sumerian Third Dynast...

Leadership: The Act of Serving

This chapter is directed toward servant leadership as applied to the field of sport and athletic coaching. The purpose of the chapter is to give a brief definition of servant leadership and the application of such in coaching, and then to offer strategies for servant leadership as well as discuss several different research studies in athletic coaching. The conclusion simply states that though little research in coaching servant leadership exists, that which has been accomplished argues for implementation of coaching styles that are servant leadership focused.

The Roles and Responsibilities of Kinesiology Regarding Sport

This article is a response to the 2013 NAKHE meeting in San Diego, California. The assigned strand was the roles and responsibilities of kinesiology regarding sport. The article is a response of the strand leader, comments from the participants in the strand, and possible solutions to the strand direction.