Shawn K. Kelly

The electrical conductivity of human cerebrospinal fluid at body temperature

The electrical conductivity of human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from seven patients was measured at both room temperature (25/spl deg/C) and body temperature (37/spl deg/C). Across the frequency range of 10 Hz-10 kHz, room temperature conductivity was 1.45 S/m, but body temperature conductivity was 1.79 S/m, approximately 23% higher. Modelers of electrical sources in the human brain have underestimated human CSF conductivity by as much as 44% for nearly two decades, and this should be corrected to increase the accuracy of source localization models.

Minimally Invasive Retinal Prosthesis

A wireless retinal implant with a low-power area-efficient stimulator chip features an ASK demodulator, single-ended-to-differential converter, low-power DLL and programmable current drivers. The chip dissipates 1.3mW from plusmn2.5V at a data rate of 100kb/s. The chip is powered and driven through a wireless inductive link separated by 15mm

A Power-Efficient Neural Tissue Stimulator With Energy Recovery

This paper presents a power-efficient neural stimulator integrated circuit, designed to take advantage of our understanding of iridium-oxide electrode impedance. It efficiently creates a programmable set of voltage supplies directly from a secondary power telemetry coil, then switches the target electrode sequentially through the voltage steps. This sequence of voltages mimics the voltage of the electrode under the constant current drive, resulting in approximately constant current without the voltage drop of the more commonly used linear current source. This method sacrifices some precision, but drastically reduces the series losses seen in traditional current sources and attains power savings of 53%-66% compared to these designs. The proof-of-concept circuit consumes 125 μW per electrode and was fabricated in a 1.5-μm CMOS process, in a die area of 4.76 mm2.

A Hermetic Wireless Subretinal Neurostimulator for Vision Prostheses

A miniaturized, hermetically encased, wirelessly operated retinal prosthesis has been developed for preclinical studies in the Yucatan minipig, and includes several design improvements over our previously reported device. The prosthesis attaches conformally to the outside of the eye and electrically drives a microfabricated thin-film polyimide array of sputtered iridium oxide film electrodes. This array is implanted into the subretinal space using a customized ab externo surgical technique. The implanted device includes a hermetic titanium case containing a 15-channel stimulator chip and discrete circuit components. Feedthroughs in the case connect the stimulator chip to secondary power and data receiving coils on the eye and to the electrode array under the retina. Long-term in vitro pulse testing of the electrodes projected a lifetime consistent with typical devices in industry. The final assembly was tested in vitro to verify wireless operation of the system in physiological saline using a custom RF transmitter and primary coils. Stimulation pulse strength, duration, and frequency were programmed wirelessly from a Peripheral Component Interconnect eXtensions for Instrumentation (PXI) computer. Operation of the retinal implant has been verified in two pigs for up to five and a half months by detecting stimulus artifacts generated by the implanted device.

Realization of a 15-channel, hermetically-encased wireless subretinal prosthesis for the blind

A miniaturized, hermetically-encased, wirelessly-operated retinal prosthesis has been developed for implantation and pre-clinical studies in Yucatan mini-pig animal models. The prosthesis conforms to the eye and drives a microfabricated polyimide stimulating electrode array with sputtered iridium oxide electrodes. This array is implanted in the subretinal space using a specially-designed ab externo surgical technique that affixes the bulk of the prosthesis to the surface of the sclera. The implanted device includes a hermetic titanium case containing a 15-channel stimulator chip and discrete power supply components. Feedthroughs from the case connect to secondary power- and data-receiving coils. In addition, long-term in vitro pulse testing was performed on the electrodes to ensure their stability for the long lifetime of the hermetic case. The final assembly was tested in vitro to verify wireless operation of the system in biological saline using a custom RF transmitter circuit and primary coils. Stimulation pulse strength, duration and frequency were programmed wirelessly using a custom graphical user interface. Operation of the retinal implant has been verified in vivo in one pig for more than three months by measuring stimulus artifacts on the eye surface using a contact lens electrode.

A power-efficient voltage-based neural tissue stimulator with energy recovery

A voltage-based neural stimulator for an implant is fabricated in 1.5/spl mu/m CMOS. Wireless power transmission and synchronous rectification allow the use of a set of intermediate voltage supplies. This system achieves power consumption 53% lower than traditional current-source stimulators delivering the same charge to electrodes.

Calcium channel dynamics limit synaptic release in response to prosthetic stimulation with sinusoidal waveforms.

Extracellular electric stimulation with sinusoidal waveforms has been shown to allow preferential activation of individual types of retinal neurons by varying stimulus frequency. It is important to understand the mechanisms underlying this frequency dependence as a step toward improving methods of preferential activation. In order to elucidate these mechanisms, we implemented a morphologically realistic model of a retinal bipolar cell and measured the response to extracellular stimulation with sinusoidal waveforms. We compared the frequency response of a passive membrane model to the kinetics of voltage-gated calcium channels that mediate synaptic release. The passive electrical properties of the membrane exhibited lowpass filtering with a relatively high cutoff frequency (nominal value = 717 Hz). This cutoff frequency was dependent on intra-axonal resistance, with shorter and wider axons yielding higher cutoff frequencies. However, we found that the cutoff frequency of bipolar cell synaptic release was primarily limited by the relatively slow opening kinetics of L- and T-type calcium channels. The cutoff frequency of calcium currents depended nonlinearly on stimulus amplitude, but remained lower than the cutoff frequency of the passive membrane model for a large range of membrane potential fluctuations. These results suggest that while it may be possible to modulate the membrane potential of bipolar cells over a wide range of stimulus frequencies, synaptic release will only be initiated at the lower end of this range.

Overview of the boston retinal prosthesis: Challenges and opportunities to restore useful vision to the blind

A small, hermetic, wirelessly-controlled retinal prosthesis was developed for pre-clinical studies in Yucatan mini-pigs. The device was implanted on the outside of the eye in the orbit, and it received both power and data wirelessly from external sources. The prosthesis drove a sub-retinal thin-film array of sputtered iridium oxide stimulating electrodes. The implanted device included a hermetic titanium case containing the 16-channel stimulator chip and discrete circuit components. Feedthroughs in the hermetic case connected the chip to secondary power- and data-receiving coils, which coupled to corresponding external power and data coils driven by a power amplifier. Power was delivered by a 500 KHz carrier, and data were delivered by frequency shift keying. Stimulation pulse strength, duration and frequency were programmed wirelessly from an external computer system. Through an ‘outbound’ telemetry channel, electrode impedances were monitored by an on-board analog to digital converter that sampled the output voltage waveforms. The final assembly was tested in vitro in physiological saline and in vivo in two mini-pigs for up to three months by measuring stimulus artifacts generated by the implants current drivers.

On the cause and control of residual voltage generated by electrical stimulation of neural tissue

Functional electrical stimulation of neural tissue is traditionally performed with symmetric cathodic-first biphasic pulses of current through an electrode/electrolyte interface. When the interface is modeled by a series R-C circuit, as is sometimes done for stimulator circuit design, the appearance of a net residual voltage across the electrode cannot be explained. Residual voltage can cause polarization of the electrode and pose a problem for safe electrical stimulation. This paper aims to (1) theoretically explain one reason for the residual voltage, which is the inclusion of the Faradaic impedance (2) suggest a simple dynamic feedback mechanism to eliminate residual voltage.

Development of the boston retinal prosthesis

A small, hermetic, wirelessly-controlled retinal prosthesis was developed for pre-clinical studies in Yucatan mini-pigs. The device was implanted on the outside of the eye in the orbit, and it received both power and data wirelessly from external sources. The prosthesis drove a sub-retinal thin-film array of sputtered iridium oxide stimulating electrodes. The implanted device included a hermetic titanium case containing the 16-channel stimulator chip and discrete circuit components. Feedthroughs in the hermetic case connected the chip to secondary power- and data-receiving coils, which coupled to corresponding external power and data coils driven by a power amplifier. Power was delivered by a 500 KHz carrier, and data were delivered by frequency shift keying. Stimulation pulse strength, duration and frequency were programmed wirelessly from an external computer system. Through an ‘outbound’ telemetry channel, electrode impedances were monitored by an on-board analog to digital converter that sampled the output voltage waveforms. The final assembly was tested in vitro in physiological saline and in vivo in two mini-pigs for up to three months by measuring stimulus artifacts generated by the implants current drivers.