Shigeki Nishihira

Seasonal Variation of Sensitivity of Nasal Mucosa in Pollinosis

ZusammenfassungZur Klärung der Frage, ob die Hypersensibilität der Nasenschleimhaut bei nasaler Allergie Ursache oder Folge der allergischen Reaktionen ist, wurde bei 30 Patienten mit Pollinose und bei 25 Kontrollpersonen die Schleimhaut der unteren Nasenmuschel durch Auflegen von mit Histamin getränktem Füterpapierblättchen stimuliert. Anschließend Messung von Nießfrequenz und Nasensekretion. Als Ergebnis der Versuchsreihe zeigte sich, daß die Hypersensibilität der Nasenschleimhaut als Charakteristikum der nasalen Allergie unspezifisch ist. Sie ist weitgehend das Ergebnis einer Antigen-Antikörperreaktion, die im Sinne eines Circulus vitiosus allergische Symptome und Reaktionen auslöst.SummaryThe purpose of the present paper is to examine whether hypersensitivity of nasal mucosa observed in nasal allergy is cause or result of allergic reaction using the subjects with pollinosis in which the exposure period to antigen and antigen free period can be clearly distinguished.Subjects are 30 cases of Japanese cedar pollinosis and orchard grass pollinosis and 25 normal controls. Inferior turbinate of unilateral nasal cavity was stimulated by a piece of filter paper soaked with 0.02 ml of 0.1% and 0.5% histamine hydrochloride. Frequency of sneezing and amount of nasal secretion were measured quantitatively and were compared among the subjects with pollinosis in season, off season, and normal controls.In subjects with pollinosis when stimulated with extrinsic histamine, frequency of sneezing and amoung of nasal secretion were markedly enhanced in season, but during off season no apparent difference was observed compared with normal subjects. Relationship between frequency of sneezing and amount of nasal secretion indicated positive correlation (a<0.01). Positive correlation was also observed in amount of nasal secretion in ipsilateral and contralateral nasal cavity when unilateral nasal cavity was stimulated with histamine (a<0.01).Hyperrhinorrhea was closely related with hypersensitivity of nasal mucosa. The present study showed that hypersensitivity of nasal mucosa characteristic of nasal allergy is nonspecific and that it is largely a result of antigen antibody reaction, which in turn works in causing exaggeration of the allergic symptoms and allergic reaction through vicious cycle.

PARTICIPATION OF VASCULAR REFLEX IN MUCOSAL SWELLING IN NASAL ALLERGY

A study was performed to evaluate whether vascular reflex participates in mucosal swelling in nasal allergy, by measuring changes in mucosal swelling in both nasal cavities and changes in blood flow in the bilateral inferior turbinates caused by antigenic challenge in one inferior turbinate. On unilateral challenge, the mucosa of the ipsilateral nasal cavity became swollen, with a concomitant increase in mucosal blood flow. In the contralateral nasal cavity, however, an increase in mucosal blood flow was not necessarily accompanied by mucosal swelling. An increase in mucosal blood flow on antigenic challenge was observed even in nasal mucosa, most of the parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation to which was transected by vidian neurectomy. Vascular reflex certainly participates in nasal allergy but it is not always related to mucosal swelling. Mucosal swelling in nasal allergy is considered to be caused mainly by a direct effect of chemical mediators on nasal vasculature and partly by vascular reflex.

Statistical analysis of changes of pediatric nasal patency with growth

The purpose of this study was to further investigate the changes of pediatric nasal patency with growth. The nasal patency of Japanese children aged 6 to 14 years was measured by active anterior mask rhinomanometry in terms of effective cross‐sectional area (ECSA).

REFLEX CONTROL OF THE NASAL BLOOD VESSELS

The effect of stimulation of vagal afferent fibers on nasal blood vessels was studied in 36 cats. Volume change of the nasal capacitance vessels was measured by plethysmographic balloons inserted into the nose. Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve produced a vasodilatation of nasal mucosa. Pulmonary stretch receptor stimulation by veratridine alkaloid and progressive lung inflation in open-chest cats also produced a vasodilatation of the nasal mucosa. These reflexes were abolished by sectioning the vagus nerves. These results suggest a reflex arc between the lung and nasal capacitance vessels which arises from pulmonary stretch receptors.

Respiratory function during physical exercise in normal and obstructed noses.

ZusammenfassungBelastung von Patienten mit normaler und behinderter Nasenatmung mittels eines Pedalergometers und Bestimmung von Luftstrom und Druckdifferenz zwischen Mesopharynx und Nasenöffnung, von Sauerstoffpartialdruck und Kohlendioxyd der Atemluft sowie des Sauerstoffpartialdruckes und der Sauerstoffsättigungsrate im Blut. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, daß bei Behinderung der Nasenatmung während körperlicher Belastung eine Hypoventilation entsteht, auch wenn die Atmung deutlich forciert wird.SummaryFour healthy adults with normal nose were asked to pedal an ergometer for 3 min or more at a load of 25, 50, and 75 W/min, respectively. The same procedure was repeated on the same subjects whose nostrils were plugged.Air-flow and pressure difference between the mesopharynx and the nares, FO2 and FCO2, percutaneous-PO2 and ScO2 were recorded on a polygraph. At the start of the exercise, respiration deepened. Nasal resistance (Rn) decreased within 30 s and kept low while the exercise lasted. TcPO2 initially increased slightly for 1 min, then decreased. ScO2 also showed the same pattern, but of very slight range.At the end of the exercise Rn returned to pre-exercise level after slight rebound increase. Recovery of tcPO2 delayed for 30 s and its rebound increase lasted for more than 5 min.In case of nasal obstruction, such sequential changes of these parameters were of the same pattern as those in normal noses but were more evident.The results demonstrated that in case of moderate or severe nasal obstruction the exercise created hypoventilation despite a marked increase in the breathing activity if nasal breathing was continued.