Sibel Yildiz

Some lignocellulosic wastes used as raw material in cultivation of the Pleurotus ostreatus culture mushroom

Abstract Yield values, diameters and numbers of fruit bodies obtained from the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms were determined and the effects of different substrate combinations on productivity were investigated. Wastes of some lignocellulosic materials such as leaves of hazelnut (LH), leaves of tilia (LT) and leaves of European aspen (LEA), wheat straw (WS), sawdust (S) waste paper (WP) were used for producing P. ostreatus. The best main material and the best substrate combination for mushroom productivity were WS and WS+WP (50%+50%), respectively. Mixtures which involve WP generally produced higher yield values when compared to the other combinations. Mixtures which contained bran (25%) increased the risk of contamination. The lowest yield and the smallest fruit body diameters values were obtained from LT (100%) and LEA+S (50%+50%). The greatest number of fruit body was obtained in the combination WS+LH+WP (30%+50%+20%). The largest diameter of fruit body was obtained from OT (100%), even though few fruit bodies were observed.

The potential for using the needle litter of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) as a raw material for particleboard manufacturing

Particleboard panels were made from various wood particle/needle litter of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) mixtures bonded with urea formaldehyde resin. Litter was characterized by having higher solubilitys in alcohol-benzene, with diluting alkali and hot water, and resulted in lower pH values than those of wood particles. The mechanical properties (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond strength) of boards containing up to 6.25% litter were lower than those of panels made from wood particles. However, needle litter usage improved the physical property (thickness swelling) and decay resistance of the panels, significantly. Panels consist of 6.25% and 12.50% needle litter met the minimum EN standard requirements of mechanical properties for general-purposes. Particleboards contain more than 50% needle litter had the required level of thickness swelling for 24 h immersion.

Leaching and decay resistance of alder and pine wood treated with copper based wood preservatives

The objective of this study was to determine the leaching and decay resistance of Alder (Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) wood samples treated with copper based preservatives. Samples were treated with CCA, ACQ, Tanalith E and Wolmanit with different concentrations. Scots pine samples were exposed the mini-block test against brown rot fungi (Poria placenta) and Coniophora puteana while alder wood samples were tested against brown rot fungi (Coniophora puteana) and white rot fungi (Coriolus versicolor). Regarding to leaching test, treated samples were impregnated with 300 ml of distilled water and after 6, 24, 48 and thereafter at 48-hour intervals, the leachate was removed and replaced with fresh distilled water according to AWPA E11. Samples of each leachate were collected and retained for copper analysis. Amount of copper released from treated wood during the leaching test was chemically analyzed with Atomic Absorption spectroscopy. Perchloric acid procedure for the digestion of wood was used according to AWPA A7-97. The amount of copper component (Qd), the cumulative quantities leached (Qc) and the average daily fluxes (FLUX) were calculated. Results shows that CCA treated samples release less copper compared to other copper based preservatives used in this study. Highest mass losses were obtained from the leached samples treated with 1% of ACQ-2200 against decay fungi.

SOME BIOACTIVE PROPERTIES OF WILD AND COMMERCIAL MUSHROOM SPECIES

In this study, the protein and total phenolic contents of some commercially cultivated ( Agaricus bisporus , Pleurotus ostreatus ) and wild mushrooms ( Amanita caesarea , Fistulina hepatica , Meripilus giganteus ) were determined. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of these mushrooms against Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , Enterococcus faecalis , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Salmonella typhimurium , Acinetobacter haemolyticus , Proteus mirabilis , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans were also investigated. The protein contents, total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of the mushrooms were found in the range of 11.00 - 25.1%, 1.111 - 3.858 mg GAE g -1 , and 1.528 - 9.340 μmol FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O g -1 , respectively. Meripilus giganteus had higher protein than all the tested mushrooms. The highest total phenolic content was detected in Agaricus bisporus obtained from B company (3.858 mg GAE g -1 ), whereas the lowest total phenolic content was observed in Meripilus giganteus (1.111 mg GAE g -1 ). Total phenolic and antioxidant properties of mushrooms were found significantly different (P<0.05) by Duncan’s multiple range test. Methanolic extracts of the tested mushrooms showed no inhibitory activity against bacteria and yeast.