Silvana Magalhães Salgado

Effect of the addition of inulin on the nutritional, physical and sensory parameters of bread

The present work evaluated the effect of the addition of inulin on sensory, nutritional and physical parameters of white bread. Three formulations containing 0%, 6% and 10% of inulin were produced. Physical analyses of mass, volume, specific volume, density, centesimal composition, glycemic index (GI) and qualitative descriptive sensory analyses, were carried out. The reduction in bread volume seen with 10% inulin was higher than that reported in the literature. Bread weight did not differ statistically. There was an 85% reduction in fat content for bread with 6% inulin and 86% for bread containing 10% inulin. Glycemic index in bread containing 10% inulin was lower than bread with 6% inulin and equal to inulin-free bread. A level of 6% inulin added to bread was regarded to yield good sensory quality.

Polpa de fruta congelada: efeito do processamento sobre o conteúdo de fibra alimentar

The effects of the process utilized to obtain frozen fruit pulp on the quality of dietary fibers were evaluated, using ripe samples of acerola, cashew, guava, soursop, mango, sweetsop, pitanga, sapoti and grapes. The results obtained showed that the technological process used reduced significantly the fiber percentual of the fruit, determined by gravimetric non-ensymatic method particularly the guava, followed by the grapes, soursop, saoti, cashew, sweetsop and acerola. With the exception of mango and pitanga, all the frozen pulps tested do not seem to substitute, in terms of quantity of dietary fiber, the in natura fruit in the diet of healthy individuals. Considering the fact that these losses are variable, depending on the characteristics of the fruit which was processed, the inclusion of frozen pulps in the human diet in substitution to fruits will depend on quality control studies which may lead to a classification of the components of the mentioned fraction.

Avaliação do tempo de secagem e da atividade de óxido-redutases de yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) sob tratamento químico

Scientific evidences acknowledged the yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) like a promise source of fructans, as inulin and fructooligosaccharides - FOS, meanwhile, the presence of phenolic coumpounds became this susceptible to enzimatic browning reaction. This project aimed to evaluate the use of chemical agents in yacon processing to obtain flour in a way that inhibits enzymatic darkening of the product besides determining the enzymatic activity in these treatments. Samples of yacon without chemical inhibitions, yacon treated with 1.0g 100g-1 calcium chloride for 30 seconds and yacon treated with 0.5g 100g-1 potassium metabisulfite for 5 minutes were dried at 55oC in a ventilated greenhouse and the proportions of humidity and drying curves were determined. The peroxidase activities and polyphenol oxidase enzymes were checked before and after being dried with an enzymatic darkening possible biochemist marker of this tubercle. Regarding humidity Parameter all the three treatment were equivalent, but treatment 2 (calcium chloride) reduced the humidity in lower time. Before and after the thermal treatment the enzymatic activity was higher in treatment 3 (potassium metabisulfite). The thermal action did not inhibit completely polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase. The treatment with calcium chloride at 1.0g 100g-1 for 30 minutes to obtain yacon flour was the one with better result despite the fact that it did not inhibit completely peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes activity, offering a better drying time better material of row firmness , facilitating the process for obtaining the meal.

Análise de componentes principais de pães de forma formulados com farinha de yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp.) H. Rob.)

O yacon, tuberculo de origem andina, vem sendo cada vez mais aplicado na tecnologia de alimentos, em virtude de suas propriedades funcionais, por ser fonte de inulina e fruto-oligossacarideos, considerados prebioticos. Foram preparadas tres formulacoes de paes, sendo uma padrao e duas testes contendo farinha de yacon, denominadas de amostra P (pao padrao, sem farinha de yacon), amostra A (pao com 6% de farinha de yacon e 3% de gordura) e amostra B (pao com 11% de farinha de yacon sem adicao de gordura). Para a avaliacao sensorial foi realizada a Analise Descritiva Quantitativa (ADQ), utilizando-se 11 provadores treinados, os quais definiram 10 atributos sensoriais (aroma, cor, porosidade e uniformidade do miolo, sabor, textura, umectância, untuosidade, adesividade e qualidade global). Tambem foi realizada analise fisica dos paes, por meio da caracterizacao cromatica. Os resultados da ADQ foram analisados por analise de variância e testes de medias de Duncan, a 5% de significância. Os resultados da ADQ foram representados graficamente por analise multivariada de analise de componentes principais (ACP). Nao houve diferenca entre as amostras A e B em relacao aos atributos porosidade, textura, sabor e qualidade global. A amostra A obteve media maior em atributos sensoriais indesejaveis como aderencia, enquanto a amostra B apresentou maior media para o atributo umectância, devido ao maior teor de yacon. Na ACP, a soma de componentes principais 1 e 2 foi de 97,59%, ou seja, a variabilidade entre as amostras foi quase totalmente explicada por estes dois componentes. Os resultados obtidos demonstram o grande potencial para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos utilizando alimentos fontes de prebioticos, como os frutanos do yacon.

Caracterização físico-química do grândulo do amido do feijão caupi

This work aimed at characterizing the starch of the cowpea bean in the stages of maturation in which it is consumed both chemically and physically. The unripe and ripe grains of the cowpea bean (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) were submitted to determine the centesimal composition: protein by Kjeldahl, lipids by Soxleth, moisture at 105°C, ashes at 550°C, alimentary fiber by gravimetric-enzymatic method, total carbohydrates by difference, total starch, reductor glicids and non reductor by oxid-reduction in Fehling solution. The isolated starch of the distinct samples was analyzed as to the resistant starch (based in the use of amylolytic enzymes), amylose and amylopectin (by spectrophotometry) and typification (X-ray diffraction). The results obtained showed that the fractions of carbohydrates differed according to the stage of maturation of the grains. The starch of the unripe bean showed a higher content of resistant starch (RS) type 2 in relation to total starch and low content of amylose. Maturation influenced the crystallinity patterns, type C was found for the unripe bean and type A for the ripe bean. The stage of the maturation influenced the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the constituents of the beans. The morphologic aspect of the granules of starch was not influenced by the stage of maturation of the grains. The unripe bean showed a percentage of soluble alimentary fiber compatible with the FDA standards.

Glycemic profile and prebiotic potential "in vitro" of bread with yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) flour

The purpose of this study was to elaborate bread with yacon flour at two different levels (6% and 11%) and to analyze their proximate composition, their glycemic indices and their prebiotic potentials in vitro. Bread with 6% and 11% of yacon flour presented, simultaneously, low and moderate glycemic index. As for the prebiotic potentials, it was evident the presence of probiotic bacteria, particularly Lactobacillus. The results showed that, the addition of yacon flour on bread rendered products from low to moderate GI, with prebiotic potential, low fat and high fiber contents, according to the Brazilian food legislation.

Perfil sensorial de bolos de chocolate formulados com farinha de yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius)

This study evaluated the use of yacon flour in the formulation of chocolate cakes by investigating its influence on the sensory quality and chromaticity of the product. The following samples were prepared and analyzed: sample P (standard cake without yacon flour), sample A (20% of yacon flour), and sample B (40% of yacon flour). The Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) was used for the sensory analysis with 15 trained panelists who evaluated 9 sensory attributes (color, crumb structure, aroma, sweet taste, chocolate flavor, residual taste, humectancy, tenderness, and overall quality). The physical analysis of the cake was made by color characterization. The data were subjected to sensory analysis of variance ANOVA and the Duncans test for comparison between the averages, at 5% level of significance. To verify the correlations between the samples and attributes, the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was performed. In the PCA, the sum of the principal components 1 and 2 was 83.3%, i.e., the variability between the samples was explained by these two components. The results showed that the addition of 40% of yacon flour resulted in higher scores for aroma (10.16), sweet taste (7.60), chocolate flavor (10.52), tenderness (11.44), and overall quality (11.64). With regard to the attribute crumb structure, there was no significant difference between the scores of cakes P, A, and B. Regardless of the amount of yacon flour added, the sensory profile of the chocolate cakes was influenced. Particularly, the cake with the highest content of yacon flour was attributed the highest scores.

Bebida à base de flocos de abóbora com inulina: características prebióticas e aceitabilidade

Os resultados fisico-quimicos demonstram que as formulacoes pouco diferiram quanto a composicao centesimale que a ingestao 200mL/dia contribui, em media, com 10,8%, 36,0%, 10,2%, 12,6%, 37,1% e 126,4% daRecomendacao de Ingestao Diaria de energia, proteinas, carboidratos, lipideos, fibra alimentar e carotenoides,respectivamente. Os resultados microbiologicos comprovaram a inocuidade do produto; os sensoriais que asformulacoes obtiveram uma aceitacao em torno de 70% e os dados da avaliacao do efeito prebiotico sugeremmaior estudo sobre o tema.

MODIFICAÇÃO DA CONCENTRAÇÃO DE AMIDO RESISTENTE EM FEIJÃO MACASSAR (Vigna unguiculata L. WALP) POR TRATAMENTO HIDROTÉRMICO E CONGELAMENTO

Considering the importance of the functional properties of resistant starch for health, the high consumption of the macassar bean in the northeast of Brazil and the effects of the thermal process and storage on the structure of the starch, this work was implemented to evaluate the influence of different hydrothermal treatments (cooking under pressure and whithout pressure) and of storage at 20oC for 15 and 30 days, on the formation of resistant starch in the macassar bean, in two stages of maturation (green and dryed). To analyse the combined factors, a factorial design type 23 was realized with three independent variables (factors) and one dependent variable (response). All the variables exercised significant effects on the production of the resistant starch and the highest formation was registered for the dried bean due to the previous hydration before cooking without pressure, as well as the 30 day frozen storage. Concerning the physics analysis after the hydrothermic treatments there are transformations in the cristalinity patterns and in the morphologic aspect of the beans.

Influence of heat treatment on the sensory and physical characteristics and carbohydrate fractions of french-fried potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.)

The aim of this study was to analyze the impact that heat treatment with salts and freezing processes on the sensory, instrumental, and physico-chemical characteristics of fried potatoes of the Monalisa cultivar. The potatoes were blanched in distilled water (P); sodium chloride solution (B1); calcium chloride solution (B2), and a solution with both of these salts (B3). They were then pre-cooked and frozen for 24 hours and for 30 days. After frying, sensory characteristics were analyzed (color, texture, flavor, oiliness), along with overall preference and instrumental determinations of texture, color, and oil content. Further tests were conducted on the sample with the best results in the sensory analysis (B1), along with sample P as a control, to determine granule microstructure, carbohydrate fractions, glycemic index, and glycemic load. Blanching B3, despite reducing oil absorption and providing less oiliness, obtained lesser overall preference. Freezing for 30 days increased the lightness, except for when sodium chloride was used, which intensified the color yellow. The use of sodium chloride did not interfere with the type of starch granules, nor with the formation of resistant starch; however, longer freezing time reduced the glycemic index and concentrated the dietary fiber content. All samples exhibited low glycemic index and moderate glycemic loads.