Sinan Akpinar

An Analysis of the Wind Energy Potential of Elazig, Turkey

Abstract In this study, the wind energy potential of Elazig is statistically analyzed based on hourly measured wind speed data over the five-year period from 1998 to 2002. The probability density distributions are derived from cumulative distribution functions. Two probability density functions are fitted to the measured probability distribution on a yearly basis. The wind energy potential of the location is studied based on the Weibull and Rayleigh distributions. It was found that the numerical values of both Weibull parameters (k and c) for Elazig vary over a wide range. The yearly values of k range from 1.653 to 1.878 with an average value of 1.819, while those of c are in the range of 2.757–2.994 m/s with an average value of 2.824 m/s. In addition, yearly mean wind speed and mean power density of Elazig is found as 2.79 m/s and 38.76 W/m2, respectively. The wind speed distributions are represented by Weibull distribution and also by Rayleigh distribution, with a special case of the Weibull distribution for k = 2. As a result, the Rayleigh distribution is found to be suitable to represent the actual probability of wind speed data for Elazig.

An Assessment of Wind Turbine Characteristics and Wind Energy Characteristics for Electricity Production

This work is an analysis of wind turbine characteristics and wind energy characteristics of four regions around Elazig, Turkey, namely Maden, Agin Elazig and Keban. Wind speed data and wind direction in measured hourly time-series format is statistically analyzed based on 6 years between 1998 and 2003. The probability density distributions are derived from time-series data and distributional parameters are identified. Two probability density functions are fitted to the measured probability distributions. The wind energy characteristic of all the regions is studied based on the Weibull and the Rayleigh distributions. Using the Weibull probability density function, we estimated the wind energy output and the capacity factor for six different wind turbines between 300 and 2300 kW during the six years. It was found that Maden is the best region, among the regions analyzed, for wind energy characteristic and wind turbine characteristic.

Quantum Dynamics of the Reaction H(2S) + HeH+(X1Σ+) → H2+(X2Σg+) + He(1S) from Cold to Hyperthermal Energies: Time-Dependent Wavepacket Study and Comparison with Time-Independent Calculations

We present the adiabatic quantum dynamics of the proton-transfer reaction H((2)S) + HeH(+)(X(1)Σ(+)) → H2(+)(X(2)Σg(+)) + He((1)S) on the HeH2(+) X̃(2)Σ(+) RMRCI6 (M = 6) PES of C. N. Ramachandran et al. ( Chem. Phys. Lett. 2009, 469, 26). We consider the HeH(+) molecule in the ground vibrational–rotational state and obtain initial-state-resolved reaction probabilities and the ground-state cross section σ0 and rate constant k0 by propagating time-dependent, coupled-channel, real wavepackets (RWPs) and performing a flux analysis. Three different wavepackets are propagated to describe the wide range of energies explored, from cold (0.0001 meV) to hyperthermal (1000 meV) collision energies, and in a temperature range from 0.01 to 2000 K. We compare our time-dependent results with the time-independent ones by D. De Fazio and S. Bovino et al., where De Fazio carried out benchmark coupled-channel calculations whereas Bovino et al. employed the negative imaginary potential and the centrifugal-sudden approximations. The RWP cross section is in good agreement with that by De Fazio, except at the lowest collision energies below ∼0.01 meV, where the former is larger than the latter. However, neither the RWP and De Fazio results possess the huge resonance in probability and cross section at 0.01 meV, found by Bovino et al., who also obtained a too low σ0 at high energies. Therefore, the RWP and De Fazio rate constants compare quite well, whereas that by Bovino et al. is in general lower.

Quantum mechanical three-dimensional wavepacket study of the O(1D)+ClH→ClO+H reaction

Abstract The state-to-state reaction probabilities at zero total angular momentum have been calculated for the O( 1 D)+ClH→ClO+H reaction. Reaction probabilities from the ground state of ClH and going to all possible open product channels are computed over a wide range of energies. The energy dependence of the reaction probabilities shows that the reaction is strongly dominated by resonances. The product rotational and vibrational distributions are also extracted.

Adiabatic quantum dynamics of CH(X2Π) + H(2S) reactions on the CH2(X̃3A″) surface and role of the excited electronic states.

We present the Born-Oppenheimer (BO) quantum mechanical (QM) dynamics of the CH decay (d) CH(X2Π) + H(2S) → C(3P) + H2(X1Σ(g)(+)) and of the H exchange reaction (e) CH(X2Π) + H′(2S) → CH′(X2Π) + H(2S) on the CH2 X̃3A″ adiabatic potential energy surface (PES) of Harding et al. (J. Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, 5472). A thorough analysis of the correlation diagram of the four lowest CH2 electronic states, as well as Renner-Teller and spin–orbit nonadiabatic test calculations on the X̃3A″, ã1A′, and b̃1A″ coupled PESs, validate the X̃3A″ BO results, confirming that these reactions occur essentially on the uncoupled X̃3A″ ground surface. We consider the CH molecule in the ground vibrational state and in the four lowest rotational states j0. Thus, we obtain initial-state resolved reaction probabilities, cross sections, and rate constants by propagating coupled-channel real wave packets and performing flux analyses. If J is the total angular momentum quantum number and K is its projection along the body-fixed z axis, CH + H gives essentially the C + H2 products via a barrierless K-inhibited insertion, CH2 resonances at low J, and large cross sections near the threshold. These cross sections decrease strongly with collision energy and depend slightly on j0. On the other hand, the small cross sections obtained for the (e) channel are nearly independent of energy. From initial-state resolved rate constants and Boltzmann populations at temperature T, we obtain QM thermal rate constants from 100 to 400 K: at 300 K, k(d) = (9.57 ± 0.96) × 10(-11) and k(e) = (1.41 ± 0.14) × 10(-11) cm(3) s(-1) for (d) and (e) reactions, respectively. The k(d) value is in good agreement with previous quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) results on the same PES, but it is larger than that observed at 297 K by a factor of 7. On the contrary, and in agreement with the small role of CH2 excited electronic states, X̃3A″ QCT and experimental rate constants agree at high temperatures. Thus, the discrepancy obtained at room T between theory and experiment should be due to an experimental error or to some theoretical effects that we have not been considered in this work. At the present state of the art, an experimental error is more likely and suggests a new measurement of the rate constant.

Effects of Meteorological Parameters on Air Pollutant Concentrations in Elazig, Turkey

In the present study, air pollutant concentrations have been analyzed statistically with meteorological factors in the city of Elazig, which is located in the east Anatolia region of Turkey, for the months of September, October, November, December, January, February, March, and April during the years 2003 and 2004. SPSS code was used for statistical analyses. The relationship between monitored air pollutant concentrations, such as SO2 and the total suspended particles (TSP) data, and meteorological factors such as wind speed, temperature, relative humidity and pressure was investigated. According to the results of linear and non-linear regression analysis, it was found that there is a moderate and weak level of relation between the air pollutant concentrations and the meteorological factors in Elazig. The correlation between the previous days SO2, TSP concentrations and actual concentrations of these pollutants on that day was investigated and the coefficient of determination R was found to be 0.80 and 0.76, respectively. The statistical models of SO2 and TSP, including all of the meteorological parameters, gave an R of 0.50 and 0.40, respectively. Further, in order to develop this model, the previous days SO2 and TSP concentrations were added to the equations. The new model for SO2 and TSP was improved considerably with R = 0.85 and 0.80, respectively.

A quantum wave packet study of the ND + D reaction

We present the quantum scattering dynamics of the depletion reaction ND  + D′ N  + D2 and of the exchange reaction ND  + D′ ND′  + D using the real wave packet and flux methods and modified NH2 potential energy surface (PES). A quantum scattering dynamics calculation is used to study the initial-state-resolved reaction probabilities, integral cross section, rate constants and thermal rate constant for both channels using the centrifugal sudden (CS) approximation for non-zero total angular momentum (J) values. Integral cross sections for both reactions depend strongly on the initial rotational states. In particular, the thermal reaction rate constant for the depletion channel is in good agreement with experimental and semiclassical results.

A quantum wavepacket study of three-dimensional Ne—H+ 2 scattering

The state-to-state and state-to-all reaction probabilities have been calculated for three-dimensional reactive and inelastic scattering of Ne + H+ 2 (v = 0, j = 0, 1, 2) at zero total angular momentum. The time-dependent Schrödinger equation is solved by means of Fourier grid and discrete variable representation techniques. The inelastic and reactive scattering probabilities for a broad range of energies are calculated. Although the system has an open reactive channel, the results show that a high fraction of the flux is reflected back due to endoergicity and potential barriers leading to inelastic scattering.

Time-Dependent Quantum Wave Packet Calculations of Three-Dimensional He − O2 Inelastic Scattering

We have studied a three-dimensional time-dependent quantum dynamics of He - O2 inelastic scattering by using a recently published ab initio potential energy surface. The state-to-state transition probabilities at zero total angular momentum have been calculated in the energy range of 0.12-0.59 eV, and the product rotational distributions are extracted. J-shifting approximation is used to estimate the probabilities for J > 0. The integral cross sections and thermal rate constants are then calculated.

Statistical Analysis Of Wind Speed Distribution Of Turkey As Regional

In this study, the statistical analysis of wind power density and wind speed distribution parameters of the selected cities from seven region of Turkey was investigated using the hourly wind speed data measured by the Turkish State Meteorological Service between 2005 and 2014. The Weibull and Rayleigh distributions were used for modeling and the success of this modeling process was evaluated according to the parameters of R2, RMSE and c2. The Weibull parameters and the Rayleigh parameters were estimated analytically, and the mean wind speed and energy potential were determined based on these parameters. At the Weibull distribution, the lowest mean wind speed and power density was obtained as 1.73 m/s and 5.78 W/m2 in Adiyaman, respectively. The highest mean speed and power density was determined as 2.95 m/s and 33.32 W/m2 in Sinop. At the Rayleigh distribution, the lowest and the highest mean speed and the power density was obtained as 1.72 m/s and 5.63 W/m2 in Adiyaman, 3.06 m /s and 33.44 W/m2 in Sinop, respectively. Generally, the highest mean wind speed and power density values were determined in Sinop, and the lowest mean wind speed and power density values in Adiyaman. According to statistical criteria in wind data analysis of Turkey, the Weibull distribution was better than the Rayleigh distribution.