Sindhu Sareen

Trait analysis, diversity, and genotype x environment interaction in some wheat landraces evaluated under drought and heat stress conditions

Both drought and heat stress are responsible for decline in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in many regions of the world. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has predicted increase in these areas. Development of heat and drought tolerant genotypes is on priority. Landraces are unexploited genetic resources for various agronomic traits contributing tolerance to abiotic stress. Twenty-five wheat genotypes were evaluated in irrigated timely, rainfed timely and irrigated late sown conditions for 2 yr using 10 agronomic traits for their response to drought and heat stress and four stress indices (stress susceptibility index, stress tolerance index, mean productivity, and stress tolerance) were calculated. Variability averaged over traits was highest under rainfed conditions. Grain yield, plant height, and productive tillers were more sensitive and test grain weight as tolerant under drought. Under heat stress grain yield, grain weight, test grain weight and phenological traits were more sensitive. Productive tillers and grain number per spike were identified as important selection parameters for drought and grain weight (per spike and test grain weight) as for heat tolerance. Genotypes IC 321987, IC 322005, IC 138852, IC 138870 adapted to stressed environments or genotypes CPAN 4079 and NEPAL 38 stable over all environments can be used for introgression of the stress tolerance in elite cultivars.

Mapping QTLs for grain yield components in wheat under heat stress

The current perspective of increasing global temperature makes heat stress as a major threat to wheat production worldwide. In order to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with heat tolerance, 251 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between HD2808 (heat tolerant) and HUW510 (heat susceptible) were evaluated under timely sown (normal) and late sown (heat stress) conditions for two consecutive crop seasons; 2013–14 and 2014–15. Grain yield (GY) and its components namely, grain weight/spike (GWS), grain number/spike (GNS), thousand grain weight (TGW), grain filling rate (GFR) and grain filling duration (GFD) were recorded for both conditions and years. The data collected for both timely and late sown conditions and heat susceptibility index (HSI) of these traits were used as phenotypic data for QTL identification. The frequency distribution of HSI for all the studied traits was continuous during both the years and also included transgressive segregants. Composite interval mapping identified total 24 QTLs viz., 9 (timely sown traits), 6 (late sown traits) and 9 (HSI of traits) mapped on linkage groups 2A, 2B, and 6D during both the crop seasons 2013–14 and 2014–15. The QTLs were detected for GWS (6), GNS (6), GFR (4), TGW (3), GY (3) and GFD (2). The LOD score of identified QTLs varied from 3.03 (Qtgns.iiwbr-6D) to 21.01 (Qhsitgw.iiwbr-2A) during 2014–15, explaining 11.2 and 30.6% phenotypic variance, respectively. Maximum no of QTLs were detected in chromosome 2A followed by 6D and 2B. All the QTL detected under late sown and HSI traits were identified on chromosome 2A except for QTLs associated with GFD. Fifteen out of 17 QTL detected on chromosome 2A were clustered within the marker interval between gwm448 and wmc296 and showed tight linkage with gwm122 and these were localized in 49–52 cM region of Somers consensus map of chromosome 2A i.e. within 18–59.56 cM region of chromosome 2A where no QTL related to heat stress were reported earlier. Besides, three consistent QTLs, Qgws.iiwbr-2A, Qgns.iiwbr-2A and Qgns.iiwbr-2A were also detected in all the environments in this region. The nearest QTL detected in earlier studies, QFv/Fm.cgb-2A was approximately 6cM below the presently identified QTLs region, respectively Additionally, QTLs for physiological and phenological traits and plant height under late sown and HSI of these traits were also detected on chromosome 2A. QTL for HSI of plant height and physiological maturity were located in the same genomic region of chromosome 2Awhereas QTLs for physiological and phonological traits under late sown were located 8cM and 33.5 cM below the genomic location associated with grain traits, respectively in consensus map of Somers. This QTL hot-spot region with consistent QTLs could be used to improve heat tolerance after validation.

Characterising variation in wheat traits under hostile soil conditions in India

Intensive crop breeding has increased wheat yields and production in India. Wheat improvement in India typically involves selecting yield and component traits under non-hostile soil conditions at regional scales. The aim of this study is to quantify G*E interactions on yield and component traits to further explore site-specific trait selection for hostile soils. Field experiments were conducted at six sites (pH range 4.5–9.5) in 2013–14 and 2014–15, in three agro-climatic regions of India. At each site, yield and component traits were measured on 36 genotypes, representing elite varieties from a wide genetic background developed for different regions. Mean grain yields ranged from 1.0 to 5.5 t ha-1 at hostile and non-hostile sites, respectively. Site (E) had the largest effect on yield and component traits, however, interactions between genotype and site (G*E) affected most traits to a greater extent than genotype alone. Within each agro-climatic region, yield and component traits correlated positively between hostile and non-hostile sites. However, some genotypes performed better under hostile soils, with site-specific relationships between yield and component traits, which supports the value of ongoing site-specific selection activities.

QTL mapping for nine drought-responsive agronomic traits in bread wheat under irrigated and rain-fed environments

In bread wheat, QTL interval mapping was conducted for nine important drought responsive agronomic traits. For this purpose, a doubled haploid (DH) mapping population derived from Kukri/Excalibur was grown over three years at four separate locations in India, both under irrigated and rain-fed environments. Single locus analysis using composite interval mapping (CIM) allowed detection of 98 QTL, which included 66 QTL for nine individual agronomic traits and 32 QTL, which affected drought sensitivity index (DSI) for the same nine traits. Two-locus analysis allowed detection of 19 main effect QTL (M-QTL) for four traits (days to anthesis, days to maturity, grain filling duration and thousand grain weight) and 19 pairs of epistatic QTL (E-QTL) for two traits (days to anthesis and thousand grain weight). Eight QTL were common in single locus analysis and two locus analysis. These QTL (identified both in single- and two-locus analysis) were distributed on 20 different chromosomes (except 4D). Important genomic regions on chromosomes 5A and 7A were also identified (5A carried QTL for seven traits and 7A carried QTL for six traits). Marker-assisted recurrent selection (MARS) involving pyramiding of important QTL reported in the present study, together with important QTL reported earlier, may be used for improvement of drought tolerance in wheat. In future, more closely linked markers for the QTL reported here may be developed through fine mapping, and the candidate genes may be identified and used for developing a better understanding of the genetic basis of drought tolerance in wheat.

Molecular Characterization of Heat Tolerance in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Using Differences in Thousand-Grain Weights (dTGW) as a Potential Indirect Selection Criterion

Grain yield and quality under terminal heat stress (post anthesis) are the most complex traits that are influenced by environmental factors and are characterized by low heritability and large genotype × environment interactions. The present study was undertaken to determine effectiveness of selection for genotypes tolerant to heat stress using differences in 1000-grain weight (dTGW) under the optimum and late sown field condition. A Recombinant Inbred Line (RIL) mapping population derived from the heat sensitive genotype Raj 4014 and heat tolerant genotype WH730 was evaluated for the heat stress over 2 years in a replicated trial under optimum and late sown field conditions. The parental lines were screened with approximately 300 SSR (μsatellite) markers out of which about 20% showed polymorphism. These polymorphic markers were utilized for genotyping a subset that had clear contrasting variation for dTGW. The difference in TGW between the timely and late sown conditions was used as a phenotypic trait for...

Variation in grain Zn concentration, and the grain ionome, in field-grown Indian wheat

Wheat is an important dietary source of zinc (Zn) and other mineral elements in many countries. Dietary Zn deficiency is widespread, especially in developing countries, and breeding (genetic biofortification) through the HarvestPlus programme has recently started to deliver new wheat varieties to help alleviate this problem in South Asia. To better understand the potential of wheat to alleviate dietary Zn deficiency, this study aimed to characterise the baseline effects of genotype (G), site (E), and genotype by site interactions (GxE) on grain Zn concentration under a wide range of soil conditions in India. Field experiments were conducted on a diverse panel of 36 Indian-adapted wheat genotypes, grown on a range of soil types (pH range 4.5–9.5), in 2013–14 (five sites) and 2014–15 (six sites). Grain samples were analysed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The mean grain Zn concentration of the genotypes ranged from 24.9–34.8 mg kg-1, averaged across site and year. Genotype and site effects were associated with 10% and 6% of the overall variation in grain Zn concentration, respectively. Whilst G x E interaction effects were evident across the panel, some genotypes had consistent rankings between sites and years. Grain Zn concentration correlated positively with grain concentrations of iron (Fe), sulphur (S), and eight other elements, but did not correlate negatively with grain yield, i.e. no yield dilution was observed. Despite a relatively small contribution of genotype to the overall variation in grain Zn concentration, due to experiments being conducted across many contrasting sites and two years, our data are consistent with reports that biofortifying wheat through breeding is likely to be effective at scale given that some genotypes performed consistently across diverse soil types. Notably, all soils in this study were probably Zn deficient and interactions between wheat genotypes and soil Zn availability/management (e.g. the use of Zn-containing fertilisers) need to be better-understood to improve Zn supply in food systems.

Assessing genetic variation for heat stress tolerance in Indian bread wheat genotypes using morpho-physiological traits and molecular markers

Heat stress greatly limits the productivity of wheat in many regions. Knowledge on the degree of genetic diversity of wheat varieties along with their selective traits will facilitate the development of high yielding, stress-tolerant wheat cultivar. The objective of this study were to determine genetic variation in morpho-physiological traits associated with heat tolerance in 30 diverse wheat genotypes and to examine genetic diversity and relationship among the genotypes varying heat tolerance using molecular markers. Phenotypic data of 15 traits were evaluated for heat tolerance under non-stress and stress conditions for two consecutive years. A positive and significant correlation among cell membrane stability, canopy temperature depression, biomass, susceptibility index and grain yield was shown. Genetic diversity assessed by 41 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers was compared with diversity evaluated for 15 phenotypic traits averaged over stress and non-stress field conditions. The mean polymorphic information content for SSR value was 0.38 with range of 0.12–0.75. Based on morpho-physiological traits and genotypic data, three groups were obtained based on their tolerance (HHT, MHT and LHT) levels. Analysis of molecular variance explained 91.7% of the total variation could be due to variance within the heat tolerance genotypes. Genetic diversity among HHT was higher than LHT genotypes and HHT genotypes were distributed among all cluster implied that genetic basis of heat tolerance in these genotypes was different thereby enabling the wheat breeders to combine these diverse sources of genetic variation to improve heat tolerance in wheat breeding programme.

Dissecting the physiological and anatomical basis for high yield potential in HD 2967

The wheat genotype, HD 2967 is a popular wheat variety both in North West Plain Zone and North East Plain Zone due to its high yield potential, disease resistance and grain quality parameters. It has been proposed to study the yield attributing traits associated with this genotype. HD 2967 has 98 days of heading, 143 days of maturity, 102 cm plant height, 105 productive tillers per meter along with a 1000-grain weight of 36g. HD 2967 was found superior, for traits like stomatal conductance (gs) and water use efficiency (WUE). The Assimilation rate (A) was also significantly higher than other genotypes. Traits associated with sink strength, like number of tillers, grain filling percentage per spike (91.7%), grain number per spike (59) and grain weight per spike (2.22) were also found at par with other high yielding varieties.

Putative Markers associated with Grain weight under Terminal Heat Stress in Bread-Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Terminal heat tolerance is an important breeding target in wheat. Methods of selection for heat tolerance in wheat are limited. The most common approach is the evaluation of yield in nurseries grown under heat stress. The objective of this study was to estimate inheritance of heat tolerance and the grain character in bread wheat by combining molecular marker analysis. The tolerance in bread wheat using a cross between genotypes that were identified previously were utilized to identify SSR markers that are linked to traits associated with terminal heat tolerance. Grain wt. was used as a measure of heat tolerance because this trait was highly correlated with tolerance levels of genotypes. Genotypes WH730 and RAJ4014 were used as tolerant and sensitive parents respectively for generating mapping populations against the study of terminal heat stress respectively. A Recombinant Inbred Line (RIL) mapping population derived from the heat sensitive genotype RAJ4014 and heat tolerant genotype WH730 was evaluated for the heat stress over two years in a replicated trial under timely sown (TS) and late sown (LS) field conditions. The parental lines were screened with approximately 300 SSR (μsatellite) markers out of which about 20% showed polymorphism. Parents and their Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) screened by microsatellite markers for finding allelic variation. Xgwm48, Xgwm55 and Xcfd29 are three markers suggested an application of marker-assisted selection for wheat improvement under terminal heat tolerance.

Correction: Characterising variation in wheat traits under hostile soil conditions in India

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179208.].