Sitesh Chandra Bachar

The Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Extracts of Phyllanthus reticulatus. in Mice Model

Abstract The petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of Phyllanthus reticulatus. Poir. (Euphorbiaceae) were chosen for pharmacological screening. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, the ethyl acetate extract in doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg showed 51.23 and 65.12% inhibition of writhing, respectively. A significant elongation of tail-flick time was evident both in the ethyl acetate and the methanol extracts (42.38 and 60.49%) only at the 300 mg/kg dose level. In carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model, the methanol extract at the 300 mg/kg dose level showed 40.03% inhibition of edema at the end of 4 h. These results demonstrated that the extracts of P. reticulatus. possess significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.

Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Flower Extracts of Punica granatum Linn. (Punicaceae)

Punica granatum has been used for centuries to confer health benefits in a number of inflammatory diseases. Based on its usage in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine, dietary supplements containing pomegranate extract are becoming popular for the treatment and prevention of arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. Pet-ether, dichloromethane and methanol fractions of flower part were chosen for pharmacological screening and analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in animal model. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. The analgesic effect was measured in mice using the acetic acid-induced writhing test. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice, pet-ether, dichloromethane and methanol fractions at 200 mg/kg doses level showed 75.77% (p<0.001), 68.56% (p<0.001), 54.64% (p<0.001) inhibition of writhing, respectively. In rat paw edema model induced by carrageenan, pet-ether, dichloromethane and methanol fractions were found to reduce significantly (p<0.001) the formation of edema at the 100 mg/kg dose level and showed 26.92% (p<0.001), 27.97%(p<0.001), 21.85%(p<0.001) inhibition respectively of edema volume at the end of 4 h. Punica granatum possesses evident analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The results signify the traditional uses of Punica granatum for inflammation and pain.

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of ethanolic extracts of leaves of Premna esculenta Roxb. against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats

Premna esculenta Roxb. (family Verbenaceae) is a shrub used by the ethnic people of Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh for the treatment of hepatocellular jaundice. The present study was done to evaluate the hepatoprotective and the in vivo antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of leaves of the plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats. Hepatotoxicity was induced in rats by i.p. injection of CCl 4 diluted with olive oil (1:1 v/v; 1 mL/kg body weight) on alternate days for 7 days. After 7 days of pretreatment of test extracts, the biochemical markers such as Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT), Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), total protein, and albumin were estimated followed by the measurement of liver cytosolic antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase.The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett′s t-test. The extract both at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o. significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the elevated levels of SGPT, SGOT, ALP and increased the reduced levels of total protein and albumin compared to the CCl 4 -treated animals. The extracts also showed a significant (P < 0.001) increase in the reduced levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and peroxidase. The effects of the extracts on these parameters were comparable with those of the standard, silymarin. The findings of the study indicate that the leaf extract of P. esculenta showed a potential hepatoprotective activity and the protective action might have manifested by restoring the hepatic SOD, catalase, and peroxidase levels. The results justify the traditional use of this plant in liver disorders.

Analgesic and diuretic properties of α-santalone from Polygonum flaccidum.

Polygonum flaccidum Meissn. is an annual herb, native to Bangladesh, and well known for its analgesic, anti‐inflammatory, diuretic, purgative and insecticidal properties, and also for its use against snake‐bites. The analgesic and the diuretic properties of α‐santalone (1), isolated from the aerial parts of Polygonum flaccidum, were assessed by the acetic‐acid‐induced writhing method and the Lipschitz test, respectively. Complete 1H and 13C NMR data of 1 are also presented. Copyright

Protective effects of Flacourtia indica aerial parts extracts against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxiciy in rats

Abstract The petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the aerial parts of Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr., were evaluated for hepato-protective properties. In paracetamol-induced hepatic necrosis in rat models, all extracts were found to reduce serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP). The most significant reduction of the serum level of SGOT and SGPT were exhibited by petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts at a single oral of dose of 1.5 g/kg of body weight with a reduction of 29.0% SGOT & 24.0% SGPT level by petroleum ether extract, and 10.57% SGOT & 6.7% SGPT level by ethyl acetate extract compared to paracetamol (3 g/kg of body weight) treated animals. Histopathological examination also showed good recovery of paracetamol-induced necrosis by petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts. On the other hand, the methanol extract obtained by successive cold extraction did not show any remarkable effect on paracetamol-induced hepatic necrosis. The hepatoprotective effects exhibited by petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extract might be mediated through the inhibition of microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes.

Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and diuretic properties of Polygonum barbatum (L.) Hara var. barbata

The antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and diuretic properties of the extracts of P. barbatum (L.) Hara var. barbata, Polygonaceae, at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, were evaluated in mice/rat models using, respectively, the acetic-acid-induced writhing method, the carrageenan-induced edema test and the Lipschitz method. In the acetic-acid-induced writhing test in mice, all extracts displayed a dose dependent analgesic effect. The most potent analgesic activity was observed with the petroleum ether extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight with an inhibition of writhing response 46.8% compared to 62.2% for the positive control aminopyrine. Petroleum ether extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight also displayed the highest levels of anti-inflammatory activity after 2 h with the 39.3% inhibition of paw edema, and this effect was better than the effect observed by the conventional anti-inflammatory agent phenylbutazone (maximum inhibition of 38.3% after 4 h). All extracts increased urine volume in a dose-dependent manner, and the ethyl acetate extract showed a significant level of diuresis comparable to that of the standard diuretic agent furosemide.

Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and central nervous system depressant activities of ethanolic extract of leaves and roots of Gomphostemma parviflorum var. parviflorum wall.

Background: Gomphostemma parviflorum (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant of Bangladesh which has been used traditionally in the treatment of painful and inflammatory conditions such as asthma, headache, fever, etc. Objective: To investigate the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, central nervous system (CNS) depressant and antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extracts of leaves (GPLE) and roots (GPRE) of the plant. Materials and Methods: The antinociceptive potentials of the extracts were studied using acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice, anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, CNS depressant activities were evaluated using pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time, Hole cross and Open field tests in mice while the anti-microbial activity was studied by in vitro disc diffusion method. Results: The extracts GPLE and GPRE significantly (P < 0.001) and dose dependently inhibited the acetic acid-induced writhing in mice with 73.15% and 53.69% inhibition, respectively at the dose of 200 mg/kg. At the same dose GPLE and GPRE significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced rats paw edema at the end of 4 hour with 35.54% and 28.17% inhibition, respectively. The extracts significantly prolonged the pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time and decreased the locomotory activities in open field and Hole cross tests in mice. The GPLE showed strong antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with zones of inhibition ranging from 8 to 20 mm at a concentration of 400 μg/disc. Conclusion: The findings of the study indicate that the leaves and roots of G. parviflorum possess antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and CNS depressant activity and revealed the antimicrobial activities of leaves extract of the plant. The results justify the traditional use of the plant in the treatment of painful and inflammatory disorders.

Anti-inflammatory activity of Adenanthera pavonina L., Fabaceae, in experimental animals

RESUMO: “Atividade anti-inflamatoria de Adenanthera pavonina L., Fabaceae, em animais experimentais”. Adenanthera pavonina L, Fabaceae, conhecida na regiao de Bengala por “rakta kombol”, e uma planta medicinal endemica do sul da China e da India e amplamente difundida na Malasia, Africa Ocidental e Oriental, bem como na maioria das ilhas de ambas as regioes do Pacifico e Caribe. Esta planta tem sido utilizada na medicina tradicional para o tratamento da asma, febre, diarreia, gota, inflamacoes, reumatismo tumor, ulceras, e como tonico. Cascas secas e moidas de A. pavonina foi submetida a extracao sucessiva com eter de petroleo (PE), diclorometano (DCM), acetato de etila (AcOEt) e metanol (MeOH), e os extratos foram avaliados in vivo para atividade anti-inflamatoria induzida por carragenina tendo como ensaio modelo de inflamacao edema de pata em ratos.. Os extratos foram administrados por via oral em doses de 200 e 400 mg/kg de peso corporal, e foram observadas efeitos anti-inflamatorios de maneira dose-dependente, estatisticamente significativos (p<0,001). O extrato metanolico (400 mg/kg) apresentou 37,10% (p<0,01) de inibicao da inflamacao na primeira hora do estudo e, o extrato DCM (400 mg/kg) apresentou 33,11% (p<0,001) na inibicao da inflamacao na terceira hora do estudo, que foi comparavel ao resultado da substância de referencia diclofenato de sodio. Os resultados deste estudo confirmaram alguns dos usos tradicionais desta planta medicinal. Unitermos: Adenanthera pavonina, Fabaceae alt. Leguminosae, atividade anti-inflamatoria, edema em ratos induzido por carragenanas.

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Polygonum stagninum

The n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and methanol extracts of the aerial parts of Polygonum stagninum Buch.-Ham. ex Meissn. (Polygonaceae), a Bangladeshi medicinal plant, were assessed for analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties in experimental mice and/or rat models. In the acetic-acid-induced writhing test in mice, all extracts displayed a dose dependent analgesic effect. The most potent analgesic activity was observed with the EtOAc extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight, with an inhibition of writhing response of 50.3% compared to 62.2% for the positive control aminopyrine. Among the extracts, n-hexane extract at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight showed the highest levels of anti-inflammatory activity after 2 h, with the inhibition of paw edema of 60.1% and 64.1%, respectively, and this effect was much better than that of the conventional anti-inflammatory agent phenylbutazone (maximum inhibition of 38.3% after 4 h).

Composition of the Volatiles of Citrus macroptera var. annamensis and Evaluation of Bioactivity

Abstract The distillation and subsequent extraction of the distillate obtained from the fresh peels of the fruits of Citrus macroptera var. annamensis afforded 120 mg of oil (yield 0.12 %). Analyses both by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of the sample resulted in the identification of 25 terpenoids, predominantly monoterpene hydrocarbons, accounting for 97.0 % of the total oil, and limonene (73.5 %) as the major component. While the oil did not exhibit any in vitro free-radical-scavenging (DPPH), it showed considerable antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with the MIC values ranging from 1.25 to 5.0 mg/mL.