Somia Gul

Simultaneous determination of moxifloxacin and H2 receptor antagonist in pharmaceutical dosage formulations by RP-HPLC: application to in vitro drug interactions

Simultaneous determination of moxifloxacin (MOX) and H2-antagonists was first time developed in bulk and formulations. Purospher STAR C18 (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column was used. The mobile phase (methanol: water: ACN, 60:45:5 v/v/v, pH 2.7) was delivered at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1, eluent was monitored at 236, 270 and 310 nm for cimetidine, famotidine and ranitidine, respectively. The proposed method is specific, accurate (98-103%), precise (intra-day and inter-day variation 0.098-1.970%) and linear (r>0.998). The LOD and LOQ were 0.006-0.018 and 0.019-0.005 μg mL-1, respectively. The statistical parameters were applied to verify the results. The method is applicable to routine analysis of formulations and interaction of MOX with H2-antagonist.

Validated method for the determination of Gemifloxacin in bulk, pharmaceutical formulations and human serum by RP-HPLC: in vitro applications

An isocratic reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed for the determination of gemifloxacin in bulk, dosage formulations and human serum at 270 nm. Chromatographic separation was achieved on Purospher STAR C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column using mobile phase methanol:water (90:10, v/v) adjusted pH 2.8 via phosphoric acid 85% having flow rate of 1.5 mL min-1 at ambient temperature. Calibration curves were linear over range of 5-100 µg mL-1 with a correlation coefficient 0.9998. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.015 and 0.045 µg mL-1, respectively. Intra and inter-run precision and accuracy results were 98.73-100.12% and then correlated through studentst-test. This method was further applied for in vitro interactions of gemifloxacin with essential and trace elements.

Novel derivatives of 5-amino-1-cyclopropyl-7-[(3R,5S)3,5-dimethylpiperazine-1-yl]-6,8-difluoro-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid: their synthesis, antimicrobial, antifungal, and urease inhibitory studies

Sparfloxacin (SPFX) or 5-amino-1-cyclopropyl-7-[(3R,5S)3,5-dimethylpiperazine-1-yl]-6,8-difluoro-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid is an orally active synthetic, broad spectrum third generation quinolone, with excellent activity against Gram-positive bacteria with selectivity against anaerobes and atypical pathogens. Three derivatives of SPFX (2, 3, and 4) were synthesized by reacting different aromatic carboxylic acids with SPFX (1). Chemistry involved the formation of amide between reacting species through nucleophilic substitution reactions. The synthesized derivatives were then structurally characterized by IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopic techniques. The antimicrobial activities of these derivatives were evaluated against four Gram-positive, seven Gram-negative bacteria, and six fungi, using SPFX as a reference. Statistical analysis revealed these derivatives as active antimicrobial agents, and 2 was more potent antimicrobial agents than the parent drug as well other fluoroquinolones. Compounds 3 and 4 showed a significant activity against Fusarium solani. Moreover, these three derivatives were evaluated for inhibitory activities against enzyme urease, carbonic anhydrase II, and α-chymotrypsin. Results showed their selectivity against urease enzyme. Based on their nontoxic behavior, these derivatives may be potential agents for further studies.

Prevalence and Preventive Measures of Prostate Cancer: A RandomizedStudy in Public and Private Health Care Sector

Prostate cancer accounts for abnormal or uncontrolled division of cells of prostate in male. It is a slow growing cancer which is usually localized rarely metastasized. The growth rate is varies from slow-moderate to high. It mostly occurs in old age and depends on many other factors like weight, height, diet, habit, environment, genetics, and sexual disease. In a prostate cancer, disease stage cannot find unless the patient has symptoms or signs that the cancer has spread. A high PSA level (normal range 4.0 ng per milliliter or less), or a high Gleason score. Gleason scores have often been categorized into groups that show similar biologic behavior: low-grade (well-differentiated), intermediate-grade, moderate to poorly-differentiated or high-grade. This study aims to evaluate occurrence, causes, problem associated with disease and treatment of this cancer in view of the fact to evaluate consequences responsible to contribute carcinoma of prostate. For this purpose study has been conducted at public and private health care sector (n = 100 patients of prostate cancer).The Gleason score are used to diagnose prostate cancer, 10% of patients have score 5 (4 + 1), 40% of patients have score 7 (4 + 3) or (3 + 4), 44% of patients have score 9 (5 + 4), 6% of patients have score 11 (5 + 6) which shows that mostly prognostic grade II, III IV, V occur. Mostly traditional prostectomy is used as a treatment and 78% of the patients got benefit from it. This study concluded that the prostate cancer is occurs due to age factor (old age), fatty diet , tobacco or alcohol intake, duration of cancer is more than 1 year, past history may also be cause like hepatitis, T.B. mostly. Finding of cancer at score 5, 7, 9, 11 and associated complications are hypertension, urinary tract infection, kidney stones.

Standardization of Biomarkers Gallic Acid and Berberine in Polyherbal Formulation Entoban Capsules by High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography—Densitometry

The technological improvement in the structural elucidation of natural compounds has made it probable to generate appropriate strategies for the analysis and standardization of plant-based medicines. An appliance of highly oriented hyphenated techniques provides a definite tool for herbal investigations. Therefore, the present study was directed towards the standardization of biomarkers gallic acid and berberine in polyherbal formulation Entoban capsules to ensure the quality of the herbal drugs. A rapid, simple, accurate, and specific high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the quantitative estimation of biomarkers berberine and gallic acid has been developed. HPTLC was performed to evaluate the presence of gallic acid and berberine applying toulene—ethyl acetate—formic acid—methanol (12:9:4:0.5 v/v) and ethanol—water—formic acid (90:9:1 v/v), as the mobile phase, respectively. The RF values (0.58 for gallic acid and 0.76 for berberine) in both sample and reference standard were found comparable under ultraviolet (UV) light at 273 nm and 366 nm, respectively. The method developed resulted in good-quality peak shape and enabled high-quality resolution of biomarkers. The present standardization undertaken reveals compliance with the analytical procedure; therefore, it is concluded that Entoban capsule is a well-standardized product. Standardization falls under the specific guidelines of quality herbal medicine following the prerequisite for global harmonization.

Sparfloxacin-Metal Complexes as Urease Inhibitors: Their Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial, and Antienzymatic Evaluation

Four new metal complexes (S12–S15) of SPFX (third-generation quinolones) via heavy metals have been synthesized in good yield and characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods including TLC, IR, NMR, and elemental analyses. Sparfloxacinato ligand binds with metals through pyridone and oxygen atom of carboxylic group. The biological actives of complexes have been tested against four Gram-positive and seven Gram-negative bacteria and six different fungi. Statistical analysis of antimicrobial data was done by one-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s test; it was observed that S13, S14, and S15 were found to be most active complexes. Antifungal data confirm that all four synthesized complexes are most active and show significant activity against F. solani with respect to parent drug and none of complexes show activity against A. parasiticus, A. effuris, and S. cervicis. To study inhibitory effects of newly formed complexes, enzyme inhibition studies have been conducted against urease, α-chymotrypsin, and carbonic anhydrase. Enzymatic activity results of these complexes indicated them to be good inhibitors of urease enzyme while all complexes show mild activities against carbonic anhydrase enzyme. Further research may prove the promising role of these synthesized complexes as urease inhibitors.

Treatment Confusion Due To Misjudgment between Malaria and Dengue: A Comparative Study and Differential Analysis

Parasitic protozoa are transmitted by insect or by fecal or oral route. In human they mainly occupy the intestine or blood. Plasmodium falciparum cause severe malaria than other plasmodium species (vivax, ovale and malaria) and are transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, whereas dengue is transmitted by the bite of female mosquito Aedesaegypti. Infection with malaria parasites may result in a wide variety of symptoms, ranging from absent or very mild symptoms to severe disease and even death. This study is aimed to provide the awareness about two epidemic disease i.e. malaria and dengue. We have done a survey on population of Karachi (sample=200 and age group=15 to 50 years) presented at schools, colleges, universities and other professionals and common places. The survey was accomplished using common questions generally on malaria and dengue. Data analysis of current survey shows that 164 people were infected of malaria in a population of 200 which makes 82% hence here we can also conclude that catching the disease risk ratio is high. This research highlights the need for training and education about malaria and misjudgment of it with dengue. Nowadays malaria is not a life threatening disease it is curable with proper regimen by maintaining hygienic and health environment and preventions.