Soňa Felšöciová

Microscopic fungi recovered from honey and their toxinogenity

The objective of this investigation was to contribute towards the knowledge of microbiology of honey, more than 50 samples of honey from Slovakia and other countries were mycologically investigated in terms of the overall fungal diversity and toxicological potential of isolated fungi from Penicillium genera. The study revealed that out of 13 genera recovered, Penicillium was the most frequent and diverse genus, followed by Aspergillus and Cladosporium being found in 65.91 % (29 samples), 34.1 % (15 samples) and 29.55 % (13 samples), respectively. The most frequently encountered taxa from Penicillium genera were Penicillium chrysogenum (found in 22.73 %), Penicillium brevicompactum (13.64 %), Penicillium crustosum (11.36 %) and Penicillium griseofulvum (11.36 %). In addition, the following genera were recorded (in descending order) Mycelia (18.18 %), Fusarium (11.36 %), Mucor (9.09 %), Acremonium (6.82 %), Alternaria (4.55 %), Epicoccum (4.55 %), and finally Botrytis, Eurotium Trichoderma and Phoma all were encountered in 2.27 % of the samples being represented. The mean value counts of total fungi ranged from 0.00 to 2 × 102 cfu.g−1. Outcomes from mycotoxin screening within the appropriate potentially toxinogenic species from Penicillium genera showed a number of mycotoxin producers, namely those forming citrinin (n = 1), cyclopiazonic acid (n = 5), griseofulvin (n = 5), patulin (n = 5), penitrem A (n = 2) and roquefortin C (n = 13).

Antifungal activity of essential oils against selected terverticillate penicillia

The aim of this study was to screen 15 essential oils of selected plant species, viz. Lavandula angustifolia, Carum carvi, Pinus mungo var. pulmilio, Mentha piperita, Chamomilla recutita L., Pinus sylvestris, Satureia hortensis L., Origanum vulgare L., Pimpinella anisum, Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L., Abietis albia etheroleum, Chamomilla recutita L. Rausch, Thymus vulgaris L., Origanum vulgare L. for antifungal activity against five Penicillium species: Penicillium brevicompactum, Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium crustosum, Penicillium expansum and Penicillium griseofulvum. The method used for screening included the disc diffusion method. The study points out the wide spectrum of antifungal activity of essential oils against Penicillium fungi. There were five essential oils of the 15 mentioned above which showed a hopeful antifungal activity: Pimpinella anisum, Chamomilla recutita L., Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare L. The most hopeful antifungal activity and killing effect against all tested penicillia was found to be Origanum vulgare L. and Pimpinella anisum. The lowest level of antifungal activity was demonstrated by the oils Pinus mungo var. pulmilio, Salvia officinalis L., Abietis albia etheroleum, Chamomilla recutita L. Rausch, Rosmarinus officinalis.

Mycobiota of Slovak wine grapes with emphasis on Aspergillus and Penicillium species in the small carpathian area

The Slovak wine-growing region is divided into six viticulture areas. The largest in size and the most important over the centuries has been the Small Carpathian area (around 5800 ha of vineyards) spreads in the western of Slovakia. The objectives of this study were: to gain more knowledge about mycobiota on grapes originating from Slovakia, with a focus on genera Aspergillus and Penicillium and their ability to produce mycotoxins in in vitro conditions by thin layer chromatography method. From the twelve vineyards were collected 14 samples of wine grapes (white 6, blue 8) during harvesting 2011, 2012 and 2013. Fifty wine grapes per bunch (approximately 7-8 berries per plate) that showed no symptoms were randomly selected on Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol agar medium. The plates were then incubated aerobically at 25 ±1 °C for 5 to 7 days in the dark. Of these samples were identified 22 genera. Ninety-three percent of samples were colonies by the genus Penicillium and 79% by the genus Aspergillus . During the survey, 251 isolates belonging to 14 Penicillium species ( P. aurantiogriseum, P. citrinum, P. coprophylum, P. crustosum, P. expansum, P. funiculosum, P. glabrum, P. griseofulvum, P. chrysogenum, P. oxalicum, P. polonicum, P. purpurogenum, P. roqueforti and P. thomii ) and 37 isolates belonging to 7 Aspergillus species ( A. clavatus, A. flavus, A. section Nigri, A. ostianus, A. parasiticus, A. versicolor and A. westerdijkiae ) were isolated and identified from exogenous contamination. The main occurring penicillium species of the samples were P. chrysogenum (36% Fr), followed P. crustosum (29% Fr), P. griseofulvum (21% Fr) and P. expansum (21% Fr). The main occurring aspergillus species of the samples were A. section Nigri (64%). Thirteen potentially toxigenic species were tested for their toxigenic ability. It was confirmed the production of various mycotoxins such as aflatoxin B 1 , G 1 , citrinin, griseofulvin, patulin, cyclopiazonic acid, penitrem A, roquefortin C and sterigmatocystin. Out of 124 strains, 84% produced at least one mycotoxin.

Bacteria and yeasts isolated from different grape varieties

Patasiova Martina 14.00 The aim of this study was to isolate and identify bacteria and yeasts in different grape samples. The samples were collected in September 2017. Used 13 grape samples in this study (9 white and 4 red) were from the local Slovak winemakers. Alibernet, Irsai Oliver, Dornfelder, Blue Frankish, Feteasca regala, Green Veltliner, Palava, Mūller Thurgau, Rhinriesling, Cabernet Savignon, Pinot Blanc, Savignon Blanc and Welschriesling. Two cultivation media were used for detection of bacteri and yeasts in grape samples. Malt extract agar base (MEA) and Tryptone Soay agar (TSA) were used for the cultivation of bacteria and yeasts. Cultivation was performed by spread plate method. Ethanol/formic acid extraction procedure was used for preparation of samples. MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometer (Microflex LT/SH) (Bruker Daltonics, Germany) was used for identification of bacteria and yeasts. In total, 8 genera of yeasts, 8 genera of Gram-negative bacteria and 10 of Gram-positive bacteria were identified. Together 333 isolates, yeasts, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were identified. Normal 0 21 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE

Microscopic fungi isolated from different Slovak grape varieties

Normal 0 21 false false false EN-GB X-NONE X-NONE The aim of this study was to isolate and identify microscopic fungi in different grape samples. We collected 13 grapes varienties samples (9 white and 4 red) from local Slovak winemakers in the end of the September 2017. Used 13 grape samples in this study: Alibernet, Irsai Oliver, Dornfelder, Blue Frankish, Feteasca regala, Green Veltliner, Palava, Mūller Thurgau, Rhinriesling, Cabernet Savignon, Pinot Blanc, Savignon Blanc and Welschriesling. Microscopic fungi in grape samples were detected on Malt extract agar by spread plate method. The number of microscopic fungi ranged from 2.85 log cfu.g -1 in Cabernet Savignon to 4.83 log cfu.g -1 in Feteasca regala. A total of 627 isolates of microscopic fungi were obtained in this study. The most abundant fungi belonged to genera Alternaria and Penicillium (100% frequency). The high frequency was also detected for Aspergillus (76.92%) and Cladosporium (76.92%) but with lesser relative density. Alternaria sp., Aspergillus niger , Aspergillus sp., Botrytis cinerea , Cladosporium sp., Penicillium expansum , Phoma sp., Rhizopus sp. and Trichoderma sp. species were isolated from grape berries.

Colonization of grapes berries by Alternaria sp. and their ability to produce mycotoxins.

Our research focused on identify the Alternaria species from grapes (surface sterilized berries and non-surface sterilized berries) of Slovak origin and characterize their toxinogenic potential in in vitro conditions. We analyzed 47 samples of grapes, harvested in years 2011, 2012 and 2013 from various wine-growing regions. For the isolation of species, the method of direct plating berries and surface-sterilized berries (using 1 % freshly pre-pared chlorine) on DRBC (Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol agar) was used. For each analysis was used 50 berries. Only undamaged berries have been used for analysis. The cultivation was carried at 25 ±1°C, for 5 to 7 days in dark. After incubation, the colonies of Alternaria were transferred on PCA - potato-carrot agar and CYA - Czapek-yeast extract agar and cultured for 7 days at room temperature and natural light. A total 4 species-groups of the genus Alternaria were isolated from grapes berries: Alternaria alternata (1369 isolates), Alternaria arborescens (734 isolates), Alternaria infectoria (143 isolates), and Alternaria tenuissima (3579 isolates). According to European Union legislation mycotoxins produced by species genus Alternaria are not monitored in foods and food commodities. Mycotoxins such as alternariol and alternariol monomethylether are mutagenic and genotoxic in various in vitro systems. Selected strains were tested for production of altenuene, alternariol monomethylether and alternariol. In neither case of A. infectoria species-group isolates was confirmed the production of tested mycotoxins in in vitro conditions by TLC method. The ability to produce altenuene, alternariol monomethylether and alternariol in in vitro conditions was detected in isolates of Alternaria alternata , Alternaria arborescens and Alternaria tenuissima species-groups. Isolates of Alternaria alternata species-group (44 tested isolates) were able to produce altenuene (24 isolates), alternariol monomethyleter (42 isolates) and alternariol (43 isolates). Only one isolate did not produce any mycotoxins. Isolates of Alternaria arborescens species-group (38 tested isolates) were able to produce altenuene (24 isolates), alternariol monomethyleter (33 isolates) and alternariol (36 isolates). Only two isolates did not produce any mycotoxins. Isolates of Alternaria tenuissima species-group (87 tested isolates) were able to produce altenuene (42 isolates), alternariol monomethyleter (41 isolates) and alternariol (73 isolates). Thirteen isolates did not produce any mycotoxins.