Stefan Preiner

Impact of drying and re-flooding of sediment on phosphorus dynamics of river-floodplain systems

One of the consequences of human impacts on floodplains is a change in sedimentation leading to enhanced floodplain aggradation. Thus, accumulated sediments rich in nutrients might interfere with floodplain restoration. In this study we investigated the phosphorus release behavior of sediments from shallow backwaters of an isolated floodplain of the Danube River situated east of the city of Vienna with the aim to understand the effects of changes in dry/wet cycles on established floodplain sediments. In the light of restoration plans aiming at increased surface water exchange with the river main channel, the response of sediments to frequent alternations between desiccation and inundation periods is a key issue as changes of sediment properties are expected to affect phosphorus release. In order to determine the effect of changing hydrological conditions on internal phosphorus loading, we exposed sediments to different dry/wet treatments in a laboratory experiment. Total phosphorus (TP) release from sediments into the water column increased with increasing duration of dry periods prior to re-wetting. Partial correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations between ΔTP and ΔNH4+ as well as between ΔTP and ΔFe3 + concentrations (Δ refers to the difference between the final and initial concentration during the wetting period), indicating that enhanced mineralization rates leading to a concomitant release of NH4+ and TP and the reduction of iron hydroxides leading to a concomitant release of Fe3 + and TP are the mechanisms responsible for the rise in TP. Repeated drying and wetting resulted in elevated phosphorus release. This effect was more pronounced when drying periods led to an 80% reduction in water content, indicating that the degree of drying is a major determinant controlling phosphorus release upon re-wetting. The reconnection of isolated floodplains will favor fluctuating hydrologic conditions and is therefore expected to initially lead to high rates of phosphorus release from sediments.

Current status and restoration options for floodplains along the Danube River.

Floodplains are key ecosystems of riverine landscapes and provide a multitude of ecosystem services. In most of the large river systems worldwide, a tremendous reduction of floodplain area has occurred in the last 100 years and this loss continues due to pressures such as land use change, river regulation, and dam construction. In the Danube River Basin, the extent of floodplains has been reduced by 68% compared to their pre-regulation area, with the highest losses occurring in the Upper Danube and the lowest in the Danube Delta. In this paper, we illustrate the restoration potential of floodplains along the Danube and its major tributaries. Via two case studies in the Upper and Lower Danube, we demonstrate the effects of restoration measures on the river ecosystem, addressing different drivers, pressures, and opportunities in these regions. The potential area for floodplain restoration based on land use and hydromorphological characteristics amounts to 8102 km(2) for the whole Danube River, of which estimated 75% have a high restoration potential. A comparison of floodplain status and options for restoration in the Upper and Lower Danube shows clear differences in drivers and pressures, but certain common options apply in both sections if the local context of stakeholders and societal needs are considered. New approaches to flood protection using natural water retention measures offer increased opportunities for floodplain restoration, but conflicting societal needs and legal frameworks may restrict implementation. Emerging issues such as climate change and invasive non-native species will need careful consideration in future restoration planning to minimize unintended effects and to increase the resilience of floodplains to these and other pressures.

Optimised management strategies for the Biosphere reserve Lobau, Austria - based on a multi criteria decision support system

Abstract Without sustainable rehabilitation measures, the Lobau, a freshwater Biosphere Reserve, will soon became a primarily terrestrial ecosystem with major implications for its rich aquatic and amphibic biodiversity. An innovative ecosystem management scheme for this Danube floodplain needs to optimally balance between conservation and restoration objectives and to harmonize the partly competing ecologic and socio-economic requirements for the next 40 years. Therefore, we present a project dealing with the development of a multi-criteria Decision Support System (DSS), based on interdisciplinary historical analyses and state-of-the-art ecosystem modelling. The DSS will assists multiple stakeholders in finding coherent and realistic management alternatives, by linking all objectives and measures in a transparent and reproducible way.

Effect of enhanced water exchange on ecosystem functions in backwaters of an urban floodplain

This study evaluated the effects of a controlled surface water connectivity scheme on several backwaters in an urban floodplain within the city limits of Vienna, the Upper Lobau. A phosphorus budget and ecosystem metabolism measurements were used to assess the reaction of two trophically distinct floodplain backwater sections on changed connectivity conditions. The surface water connection led to a reduction of the retention times in the backwater system. The water column nutrient concentrations in the individual backwater sections approached those of the source water body. The significance of these effects, however, depends on the historical and current trophic situation of the respective water bodies. Generally, the surface water connectivity introduced particulate phosphorus export up to 30% increase over the influent loading and dissolved phosphorus up to 14% increase over the influent loading. However, in sections with submersed macrophyte development, which provided enhanced filtering capacities for particulate matter, sediment and phosphorus accumulation rates were increased. At the same time, water transparency increased resulting in a positive feedback supporting further macrophyte development. Based on these findings, the evaluation of restoration measures in urban floodplains needs to consider the spatial and temporal dynamics of nutrients and ecosystem processes such as gross primary production and community respiration to predict long-term development.

Aquatic methane dynamics in a human‐impacted river‐floodplain of the Danube

Abstract River‐floodplain systems are characterized by changing hydrological connectivity and variability of resources delivered to floodplain water bodies. Although the importance of hydrological events has been recognized, the effect of flooding on CH4 concentrations and emissions from European, human‐impacted river‐floodplains is largely unknown. This study evaluates aquatic concentrations and emissions of CH4 from a highly modified, yet partly restored river‐floodplain system of the Danube near Vienna (Austria). We covered a broad range of hydrological conditions, including a 1‐yr flood event in 2012 and a 100‐yr flood in 2013. Our findings demonstrate that river‐floodplain waters were supersaturated with CH4, hence always serving as a source of CH4 to the atmosphere. Hydrologically isolated habitats in general have higher concentrations and produce higher fluxes despite lower physically defined velocities. During surface connection, however, CH4 is exported from the floodplain to the river, suggesting that the main channel serves as an “exhaust pipe” for the floodplain. This mechanism was especially important during the 100‐yr flood, when a clear pulse of CH4 was flushed from the floodplain with surface floodwaters. Our results emphasize the importance of floods differing in magnitude for methane evasion from river‐floodplains; 34% more CH4 was emitted from the entire system during the year with the 100‐yr flood compared to a hydrologically “normal” year. Compared to the main river channel, semi‐isolated floodplain waters were particularly strong sources of CH4. Our findings also imply that the predicted increased frequency of extreme flooding events will have significant consequences for methane emission from river‐floodplain systems.

Danube Floodplain Lobau

Along the Upper Danube, almost all former floodplain areas have been lost due to river regulation, large-scale land-use changes, and terrestrialization processes. In the Lobau floodplain near the City of Vienna, ongoing terrestrialization leads to a dramatic loss of aquatic and semiaquatic habitats. Although the ecological values of the remaining floodplain area, such as high productivity and high biodiversity, are widely acknowledged, the implementation of restoration measures is difficult. In urban environments such as the Lobau, planning and decision-making for floodplain restoration inevitably involves tradeoffs, uncertainties, and conflicting objectives and value judgments. Beyond ecological values, the main socioeconomic aspects are flood control, drinking water supply for Vienna, and recreation.