Stephen Meyers

Greenhouse gas mitigation assessment : a guidebook

Preface. Notation: Acronyms, initialisms, and abbreviations. Chemical symbols and abbreviations. Units of measurement. 1. Introduction. 2. Basic methods and concepts for mitigation assessment. 3. Mitigation assessment of the energy sector: an overview. 4. Industrial sector. 5. Residential and commercial sectors. 6. Transportation sector. 7. Agricultural sector - energy uses. 8. Conventional energy supply. 9. Renewable energy supply. 10. Introduction and a land-use framework for the non-energy sectors. 11. Forestry sector. 12. Agriculture. 13. Rangelands and grasslands. 14. Waste management. 15. Reporting a mitigation assessment. Glossary. Index.

Energy use in a transitional economy The case of Poland

Abstract This paper provides a sectoral analysis of how energy use has changed in Poland since the 1970s, with particular emphasis on changes since the country began its transition from a centrally planned to a market economy in 1990. Total final energy use in 1991 was 25% below that in 1988 and the lowest since the mid-1970s. The most important factors behind the large decline in Polish energy use in 1990 were a sharp fall in industrial output and a huge drop in residential coal use driven by higher prices. Energy use declined by only 2% in 1991, which was less than the fall in GDP of 8%. Key factors that lessened the decrease in energy use after 1989 were a rise in energy intensity in many heavy industries and a shift toward greater use of cars and trucks in passenger and freight transport. Higher energy prices have had an evident impact on residential coal use, but in industry there was relatively little sign of energy conservation in 1991.

International residential energy end use data: Analysis of historical and present day structure and dynamics

LBL-10587 r. Presented at the Conference on Consumer Bahavior and Energy Use, Banff, Alberta, Canada, September 17-20, 1980 INTERNATIONAL RESIDENTIAL ENERGY END USE DATA: ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL AND PRESENT DAY STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS Lee Schipper and Andrea Ketoff September 1980 TWO-WEEK LOAN COPY This is a Library irculating opy which may be borrowed for two weeks. For a personal retention copy, call Tech. Info. iuision, Ext. 782 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract W-7405-ENG-48

Improving appliance efficiency in Indonesia

Abstract We report on findings from a study of household electricity consumption and the potential impact on future electricity demand of improving appliance efficiency in urban Java, Indonesia. We describe the current pattern of household electricity use in urban Java, based on results from a recent survey of 2 700 households, and the market for and characteristics of appliances currently sold in Indonesia. We estimate the impact on future electricity demand of two scenarios of penetration of higher efficiency. Finally, we discuss the barriers to improvement of appliance efficiency, and describe various policy approaches that the government could take in order to accelerate the adoption of higher-efficiency appliances. While in this article we focus our attention on Indonesia, many of the conclusions would apply to other developing countries as well.

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION FUELS: THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN NEW ZEALAND, BRAZIL, AND CANADA

We discuss policies and programs designed to accelerate adoption of alternative fuel vehicles that were implemented in the 1970s and early 1980s in New Zealand, Brazil, and Canada. We describe the evolution of government and industry programs, the degree of market adoption of alternative fuels, and the interaction between the government, industry, and consumers. The experience in the countries, particularly Brazil, demonstrates that it is possible to develop a large market for alternative fuels within a reasonable time period if there is a favorable financial environment and efforts are undertaken to overcome uncertainty on the part of industry and consumers. Substantial market penetration required a strong commitment of effort and resources by the government, particularly in the early stages of market development, when fuel suppliers, the vehicle conversion industry, and automakers were wary of investing in new technology for which the market was uncertain. Consumers were reluctant to invest in vehicle conversion, even when the return on investment was quite favorable. Assurance of fuel availability and technical quality of vehicles have proven to be important factors.

The residential space heating problem in Lithuania

Abstract Several important problems are associated with heating of housing in Lithuania. Residential heating is heavily dependent on fossil fuel, combustion of which contributes to air pollution and atmospheric build-up of carbon dioxide. Subsidies from the State budget to maintain the residential heat price at a below-cost level declined in recent years, but are often still substantial. Eliminating subsidies for heat is politically difficult. Many households face difficulty in paying their heating bill, which has risen greatly in real terms in the past five years. The problem is amplified since most households in apartments are billed on the basis of their floor area, not on real heat consumption. The magnitude of the above problems is heightened by the inefficient manner in which energy is used to heat most residential buildings. This inefficiency concerns losses in transmission and distribution of district heat, high losses through the building envelopes, as well as lack of proper metering and control of district heat. imrpoving the energy efficiency of heating is recognized as an important goal for addressing the problems outlined above. This report describes housing and space heating in Lithuania. It discusses the process of privatization and how it affects heating energy use, as well as implementation of conservation measures and retrofitting. It also discusses some of the measures undertaken by both property owners and by governmental agencies that affect heating energy use. The report summarizes results from a number of recent studies of the potential for energy savings in heating Lithuanian multifamily buildings. We discuss barriers to realization of the potential, and institutional and financial approaches for overcoming them. In closing we recommend actions that should be taken soon to move Lithuanian housing along a path to greater energy efficiency.

Electricity use in the developing countries: Changes since 1970

We describe changes in electricity use between 1970 and 1986 for 13 of the largest developing countries. Average annual growth in electricity consumption ranged from 4.4% in Argentina to 13% in South Korea. Combined electricity consumption for the 13 study countries averaged growth of 10.0%/year in the 1970s, but only 7.1%/year in the 1980–1986 period. Electricity consumption grew much faster than GDP in most of the countries. The industrial sector continues to dominate electricity consumption, but its share of total consumption has declined in the face of faster growth in the residential and commercial sectors. Industrial electricity intensity rose significantly in Latin America during the 1970–1986 period but did not increase greatly in most of the Asian countries. Growth in residential electricity use per capita, caused by increased ownership of appliances in already-electrified homes and by increase in the number of homes that have electricity, has been most rapid in Asia; however, most Latin American countries still have higher use per capita than most Asian ones.

Energy use in Poland: An international comparison

The structure of energy use in Poland and other former centrally-planned economies historically differed considerably from that in Western countries. With the transition toward market-oriented economies underway, changes have occurred, but most of the physical stock remains in place. We compare energy use in Poland with that in Western countries in industry, transportation, and the residential and service sectors. We present data for 1988, the last full year of the centrally-planned economy, and for 1991, after reforms had begun to have an impact. We describe how differences between Poland and Western countries in sectoral energy use are shaped by variation in levels of energy-using activity, the structure of activity, and specific energy intensities. The comparison shows that Polands comparatively high energy intensities in manufacturing and residential space heating, along with the energy-intensive structure of manufacturing, explain why energy use per capita in Poland is not much below W. European levels despite Polands much lower GDP per capita.

Realized and Projected Impacts of U.S. Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Commercial Appliances

This study estimated energy, environmental and consumer economic impacts of U.S. Federal residential energy efficiency standards that became effective in the 1988-2006 period, and of energy efficiency standards for fluorescent lamp ballasts and distribution transformers. These standards have been the subject of in-depth analyses conducted as part of DOEs standards rulemaking process. This study drew on those analyses, but updated certain data and developed a common framework and assumptions for all of the products in order to estimate realized impacts and to update projected impacts. It also performed new analysis for the first (1990) fluorescent ballast standards, which had been introduced in the NAECA legislation without a rulemaking. We estimate that the considered standards will reduce residential/ commercial primary energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in 2030 by 4percent compared to the levels expected without any standards. The reduction for the residential sector is larger, at 8percent. The estimated cumulative energy savings from the standards amount to 39 quads by 2020, and 63 quads by 2030. The standards will also reduce emissions of carbon dioxide by considerable amounts.The estimated cumulative net present value of consumer benefit amounts to

Methods for assessing greenhouse gas mitigation for countries with economies in transition: Summary of workshop presentations and discussions

241 billion by 2030, and grows to