Sue B. Stoner

Age and Gender Differences with the Anger Expression Scale

The Anger Expression Scale (AX) was administered to 150 volunteers ranging in age from 21 to 83 years. Participants were placed into one of three groups on the basis of their chronological age: Young Adult (21 to 39 years), Middle Age (40 to 59 years) and Old (60 to 83 years). The AX yields three scores, anger-in, anger-out and total AX. Each of the three AX scores was analyzed by a 3 (Age Group) x 2 (Gender of Subject) ANCOVA with educational level as the covariate. Results indicated that the Young Adult Group expressed more anger-out than the Old Group, and both the Young Adult and Middle-Age groups had higher total AX than the Old. No significant main effects were observed for the variable anger-in, and no gender differences were found for any of the three variables. Implications of results are discussed.

Age and Sex Differences on the State-Trait Personality Inventory:

The State-Trait Personality Inventory was administered to 150 volunteers whose ages ranged from 21 to 83 yr. Participants were placed into one of three groups on the basis of their chronological age: young adults (21 to 39 yr.), middle-age (49 to 59 yr.), and old (60 to 83 yr.). Analysis indicated no significant main effects for age group on any of the six subscales with education statistically controlled. Significant sex differences were found on the Trait Anxiety Scale; women had higher trait anxiety. There was no significant interaction of sex and age. Implications of results were discussed.

Kindergarten predictors of first-grade reading achievement: a regular classroom sample.

Routinely collected measures for 38 children in the kindergarten program in a middle-class school in a small midwestern city were analyzed as predictors of first-grade reading achievement on the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills and of first-grade performance on the Cognitive Abilities Test. Correlations among all variables are given. Stepwise multiple regression analyses predicting the first-grade variables showed that consonant-sound-identification was the best predictor of first-grade reading achievement and that the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised was the best predictor of cognitive ability. A second multiple regression analysis examined the contribution of each kindergarten variable to first-grade reading and cognitive scores. Analysis indicated that these children entered kindergarten with highly developed early reading skills which facilitated success with systematic reading instruction.

Undergraduate Marijuana Use and Anger

The Anger Expression Scale and a questionnaire regarding marijuana usage were administered to 497 undergraduate college students enrolled at a rural university in the midwestern United States. Four levels of marijuana use were defined by the questionnaire: nonuser, occasional user, frequent user, and daily user. No significant main effect was found on the Anger-In or Total Anger Expression scales, but differences among the four levels of use were noted on the Anger-Out scale. The trend analysis showed a significant linear trend for the Anger-Out and Total Anger Expression scales. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Women's Chemical Dependency Treatment Program: A Pilot Study

The Personalib Research Form-E (PRF-E, Jackson, 1974) was administered to 15 women who were admitted for chemical dependency treatment. The subjects participated in a 60 day addiction treatment program in a residential setting. The program was a highly structured milieu therapy based on AA/NA philosophy and the disease concept of addictions. The subjects were post-tested using the PRF-E. Significant mean differences were found in Achievement, Impulsivity, Social Recognition and Desirability. The implications of the results are discussed.

The Concurrent Validity of Teachers' Judgments of the Abilities of Preschoolers in a Daycare Setting

Teachers of 43 preschool children (17 boys and 26 girls) enrolled in an educational program in a daycare setting were asked to indicate on the record form of the Daberon those tasks that the child could or could not perform. One week later the preschoolers were administered the Daberon by trained examiners. Correlations between scores on teacher form and those on the examiner form were significant for the total group and for subgroups differentiated by sex.

PERSONALITY TRAITS OF FEMALES WHO PARTICIPATE IN INTERCOLLEGIATE COMPETITION AND NONPARTICIPANTS

The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule was administered to 30 females who participated in intercollegiate competition in individual sports, 30 females who participated in team sports, and 30 female nonparticipants. There were no significant differences in scores for the group of participants in individual sports and those in team sports on the 15 scales. Significant differences were found on 4 of the 15 scales between the groups of nonparticipants and participants. The subjects in team sports had a higher need for deference than nonparticipants while nonparticipants had a higher need for intraception, change, and heterosexuality. Nonparticipants had a higher need for change and intraception than those in individual sports.

Sexual Abuse as a Correlate of Women's Alcohol Abuse

Scores on the Beck Depression Inventory for 23 alcoholic women (22 white and one Hispanic) who had been molested as children and 20 alcoholic women (17 white and 3 black) who had no memory of being molested as a child were compared. Significant differences showed the abused group scored significantly higher on the depression scale than the nonabused group. No significant difference was found on age at which the 2 groups began drinking regularly. The implications of these results are discussed.

TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY OF THE HAND TEST WITH OLDER ADULTS

The Hand Test was administered twice to 14 males and 36 females who resided in nursing care facilities. 23 of the 24 correlations (.29 to .73) were significant except for Fear (.12) which was too inftequent to correlate significantly.

ADOLESCENT SELF-REPORTS AND RELIGIOSITY

The Brownfain Self-rating Inventory and Religiosity Index were administered to high school juniors, 46 males and 66 females. Correlations between scores on the two inventories were significant for males (.41, p < .01) but not for females (r = .22). Subjects were divided into high and low groups on the Self-rating Inventory (self-concept). The high group scores were .5 SD above the mean and low group .5 SD below. Mean differences on the Religiosity Index for two groups were significant for males (p < .01) but not females. Results suggest that male adolescents with positive self-reports score higher on religiosity than those with low self-reports but not female adolescents.