Suheyla Kirmizigul

Antimicrobial triterpenoid glycosides from Cephalaria scoparia.

Five new oleanane-type triterpenoid glycosides (1-5), named scoposides A-E, along with one known bisdesmosidic triterpene glycoside, were isolated from the aerial parts of Cephalaria scoparia. Three prosapogenins (2a-4a) were also obtained after alkaline hydrolysis of the bisdesmosidic compounds 2-4. The structures of compounds 1-5 were determined by spectroscopic (1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS) and chemical methods. The antimicrobial effects of compounds 1-5 were evaluated against a small panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Essential fatty acid components and antioxidant activities of eight Cephalaria species from southwestern Anatolia

The hexane extracts of eight Cephalaria (Dipsacaceae) species, which were collected from southwestern Anatolia, were obtained by Soxhlet apparatus. The fatty acids were derived to methyl esters and determined by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) systems. The dominant fatty acid components and maximum percentages were detected as myristic [in C. joppica (17.48 %)], palmitic [in C. cilicica, C. elmaliensis, C. isaurica, C. scoparia (19.51 %), and C. gazipashaensis], linoleic [in C. joppica (33.02 %), C. elmaliensis, C. dipsacoides, and C. gazipashaensis], α-linolenic (ALA) [in C. cilicica, C. elmaliensis, C. isaurica, C. scoparia, C. lycica, and C. gazipashaensis (47.95 %)] and oleic [in C. isaurica and C. dipsacoides (40.66 %)] acids. The antioxidant activity of all hexane extracts was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric thiocyanate (FTC), and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) methods. The results indicate that hexane extracts of Cephalaria species possess considerable antioxidant activity. The highest radical scavenging activity was detected in C. isaurica (IC50 = 741 μg/mL). The most effective species on lipid peroxidation are C. lycica and C. gazipashaensis in FTC and TBA assays, respectively. This study reveals that Cephalaria species are attractive sources of fatty acid components, especially the essential ones, as well as of effective natural antioxidants.

Presence of sialic acid in prothoracic glands of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera)

The presence of sialic acid (SA) in prothoracic glands (PGs) of Galleria mellonella was determined by the methods of electron microscopy (EM), histochemistry, spectrophotometry (SP) and electronic ionization (EI)-mass spectroscopy. Histochemical observations were carried out by the cationic dye ruthenium red (RR), staining with and without neuraminidase digestion in the larval stage. Neuraminidase-sensitive SA was demonstrated by the decrease in the amount of RR-binding following neuraminidase digestion. The total amount of SA was found to be 0.09016 mg g(-1) in dry tissue by spectrophotometric determination. EI-mass spectroscopy results confirmed the EM and SP observations. The fragmentation scheme derived from EI-mass analysis exhibited the presence of the lactonized form of Neu5Gc7, 9Ac(2). On the basis of the various pieces of evidence described above, it was firmly concluded that Neu5Gc7, 9Ac(2) molecules were present in PGs of G. mellonella.

Sialic acids in developing testis of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera)

Summary The wide availability of sialic acids (SAs) in many organisms emphasizes their role for biological processes. The detection of SAs in insects is important for reinforcing the universal nature of SAs. In this study, the amounts and the types of SAs in testis of Galleria mellonella were investigated through gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass (GC-MS) spectroscopy. GC analysis showed that the amount of SAs significantly decreased from young pupae to adults. The ratio of the levels of SAs in young pupa:old pupa:adult was found to be 16:5:1. Neu5Ac, Neu5Gc, Neu4,5Ac2, Neu5,9Ac2, and Neu2en5Ac were found in young pupae by GC-MS analysis. Neu5Ac, Neu5Gc Neu9Ac5Gc and Neu5,8,9Ac3 were detected in old pupae. Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc were encountered in adults. In addition to this trend of decreasing SA amounts, the variety of SA types present also decreased from young pupae to adults.

Antimicrobially Active Hederagenin Glycosides from Cephalaria elmaliensis

A phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Cephalaria elmaliensis resulted in the isolation of ten hederagenin-type triterpene saponins (1-10) including three new ones, elmalienoside A (1), elmalienoside B (2), elmalienoside C (3), and two known flavonoid glycosides (11-12). Their structures were identified by extensive spectroscopic techniques (1D and 2D NMR, HR ESIMS) and chemical evidence. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts and the pure compounds was evaluated by the MIC method. According to the results, all pure compounds including the new ones were found to be very active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activities of Three New Triterpenoid Glycosides

The antimicrobial and antifungal activities of the MeOH extract of the flowers of Cephalaria transsylvanica and three triterpenic acid glycosides, transsylvanoside A–C from the flowers of the plant were assayed using an agar‐disc diffusion method. The results showed that both the MeOH extract and the glycosides possess antimicrobial and antifungal activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Corynebacterium xerosis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida utilis, Kluyveromyces fragilis, Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus flavus respectively.

Triterpenoid glycosides from Cephalaria transsylvanica

On the basis of spectroscopic and chemical methods, the structures of two new triterpenoid glycosides, transsylvanoside E and F, isolated from Cephalaria transsylvanica have been established as 3-O-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl (1-->3)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->2)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl]-3 beta,23- dihydroxy delta 12-oleanen-28-carboxylic acid and 3-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->3)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->4)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl]-28-O-[beta- D-glucopyranosyl (1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-3 beta,23-dihydroxy delta 12-oleanen- 28-carboxylic acid, respectively. A new proglycoside was isolated from the cleavage of the ester-glycoside linkage and its structure characterized as 3-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->3)-alpha-L- rhamnopyranosyl (1-->4)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl]-3 beta,23-dihydroxy delta 12-oleanen-28-carboxylic acid.

Flavonoid glycosides and methylinositol from Ebenus haussknechtii

Two flavonoid glycosides (compounds 1 and 3) of which one is reported for the first time and a methylinositol (compound 2) were isolated from the aerial parts of Ebenus haussknechtii (Leguminosae). The structures were established as quercetin-7-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1 → 6)-β-D-galactopyranoside] (1), morin-3-O-[4-[5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pentanoyl]-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1 → 6)-β-D-galactopyranosyl]-7-4′-di-O-methyleter (3), and methylinositol (2) on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic means. The antimicrobial activities of the extracts have also been examined.

AN ACIDIC TRITERPENE GLYCOSIDE FROM CEPHALARIA TRANSSYLVANICA

Transsylvanoside B, which is a new acidic triterpene glycoside, was isolated from dried flowers of Cephalaria transsylvanica. The structure was determined as 3-O-[beta-D- glucopyranosyl(1-->2)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl(1-->4)-alpha-L-rhamnopyran osy l (1-->4)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl]-3 beta,23-dihydroxy delta 12-oleanen-28-carboxylic acid.

Comparison of antioxidant capacity, protein profile and carbohydrate content of whey protein fractions.

Whey is used as an additive in food industry and a dietary supplement in nutrition. Here we report a comparative analysis of antioxidant potential of whey and its fractions. Fractions were obtained by size exclusion chromatography, before and after enzymatic digestion with pepsin or trypsin. Superoxide radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibition and cupric ion reducing activities of different fractions were checked. Peptides were detected by SDS-PAGE and GC-MS was used to determine carbohydrate content of the fractions. All samples showed antioxidant activity and the second fraction of the trypsin hydrolysate showed the highest superoxide radical scavenging activity. CUPRAC value of this fraction was two-times higher than that of whey filtrate. The first fraction of the pepsin hydrolysate was the most effective inhibitor of lipid peroxidation. Each sample exhibited a different polypeptide profile. Different percentages of carbohydrates were identified in whey filtrate and in all second fractions, where galactose was the major component.