Hüseyin Sümbül

Microcolonial fungi from antique marbles in Perge/Side/Termessos (Antalya/Turkey).

In this study rock surfaces of archaeological sites in Antalya were investigated with a focus on black fungi for the first time. Black, meristematic fungi were isolated from surfaces of antique marble monuments in Antalya (Side, Perge, Termessos). Their morphology was characterized, their diversity was documented and the taxonomy and phylogeny of new isolates was clarified based on molecular methods, that is, by sequencing parts of the small ribosomal subunit (18S) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. From a total of around 250 samples 99 different fungal strains were isolated. In most of 99 strains the rDNA sequencing data and the lack of homologies in “Genbank” gave strong evidence that these strains have to be described as new species/subspecies and/or genera. All of them, however, clustered within the ascomycete orders of Dothideales, Chaetothyriales, and Pleosporales. Field studies show that these organisms cause color changes, black spots, crater shaped lesions as well as chipping and exfoliation of the rock surfaces in Antalya and thus they have to be regarded as a serious threat to the antique cultural heritage in Turkey.

Essential fatty acid components and antioxidant activities of eight Cephalaria species from southwestern Anatolia

The hexane extracts of eight Cephalaria (Dipsacaceae) species, which were collected from southwestern Anatolia, were obtained by Soxhlet apparatus. The fatty acids were derived to methyl esters and determined by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) systems. The dominant fatty acid components and maximum percentages were detected as myristic [in C. joppica (17.48 %)], palmitic [in C. cilicica, C. elmaliensis, C. isaurica, C. scoparia (19.51 %), and C. gazipashaensis], linoleic [in C. joppica (33.02 %), C. elmaliensis, C. dipsacoides, and C. gazipashaensis], α-linolenic (ALA) [in C. cilicica, C. elmaliensis, C. isaurica, C. scoparia, C. lycica, and C. gazipashaensis (47.95 %)] and oleic [in C. isaurica and C. dipsacoides (40.66 %)] acids. The antioxidant activity of all hexane extracts was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric thiocyanate (FTC), and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) methods. The results indicate that hexane extracts of Cephalaria species possess considerable antioxidant activity. The highest radical scavenging activity was detected in C. isaurica (IC50 = 741 μg/mL). The most effective species on lipid peroxidation are C. lycica and C. gazipashaensis in FTC and TBA assays, respectively. This study reveals that Cephalaria species are attractive sources of fatty acid components, especially the essential ones, as well as of effective natural antioxidants.

Ornithogalum pamphylicum: New species from South Anatolia

A new species from South Anatolia, Ornithogalum pamphylicum O.D. Dusen & H. Sumbul, is described and illustrated.

Ten new species from Anatolia and two new records for the Flora of Turkey

Ten new endemic species are described from Anatolia: Astragalus chamberlainianus H. Sumbul, Astragalus citriniflorus H. Sumbul, Astragalus anamurensis H. Sumbul, Astragalus turcicus H. Sumbul (Fabaceae), Cephalaria peshmenii H. Sumbul, Cephalaria gazipashensis H. Sumbul (Dipsacaceae), Scorzonera longiana H. Sumbul (Asteraceae), Alkaima angustifolia H. Sumbul, Alkanna milliana H. Sumbul, Alkanna dumanii H. Sumbul (Boraginaceae). The following two taxa are recorded from Turkey for the first time: Cirsium libanoticum DC. subsp. libanoticum. Euphorbia forsskalii (Boiss.) Gay.

Two new species of Capnobotryella from historical monuments

In this paper, two new species of Capnobotryella, melanized fungi with meristematic development, are described. On the basis of small subunit and internal transcribed sequence regions of ribosomal DNA sequencing, both of the new species are accommodated in the genus Capnobotryella: C. erdogani and C. kiziroglui. The type cultures of the taxa are in the ACBR culture collection (MA 4625, EMBL Accession Number: AJ972857.1; MA 4899, EMBL Accession Number: AJ972859.1).

A new Ornithogalum L. species (Liliaceae) from Turkey

A new species is described and illustrated from Turkey: Ornithogalum isauricum O.D. Du¸sen & H. Sumbul.

A new species of Cephalaria Schrader ex Roemer & Schultes (Dipsacaceae), including a new variety from East Anatolia, Turkey

A new Cephalaria species (Dipsacaceae), C. elazigensis R.S. Gokturk & Sumbul, is described from Elazig, East Anatolia. A variety of this species, var. purpurea R.S. Gokturk & Sumbul, is also described from the same area. The morphological differences of the new taxa are compared with two related species, C. stellipilis and C. elmaliensis. Seed protein profiles of C. elazigensis, C. elazigensis var. purpurea, C. stellipilis, and C. elmaliensis were also analyzed by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). In addition, pollen structure was examined.

Larvicidal activity of some secondary lichen metabolites against the mosquito Culiseta longiareolata Macquart (Diptera: Culicidae)

The larvicidal activity of some lichen metabolites, (+)-usnic acid, atranorin, 3-hydroxyphysodic acid and gyrophoric acid, against the second and third instar larvae of the mosquito Culiseta longiareolata were studied. All metabolites caused high larvicidal activities. When metabolites were compared on the basis of their LC50 values, the order of increasing toxicity was as follows: gyrophoric acid (0.41 ppm) > (+)-usnic acid (0.48 ppm) > atranorin (0.52 ppm) > 3-hydroxyphysodic acid (0.97 ppm). However, when LC90 values were compared, the order of toxicity was (+)-usnic acid (1.54 ppm) > gyrophoric acid (1.93 ppm) > 3-hydroxyphysodic acid (4.33 ppm) > atranorin (5.63 ppm). In conclusion, our results found that lichen secondary metabolites may have a promising role as potential larvicides.

Phytochemical analysis of the essential oils of 10 endemic Cephalaria species from Turkey

The volatile composition of 10 endemic Cephalaria (Dipsacaceae) species (Cephalaria gazipashensis, Cephalaria lycica, Cephalaria paphlagonica, Cephalaria elmaliensis, Cephalaria stellipilis, Cephalaria scoparia, Cephalaria isaurica, Cephalaria cilicica, Cephalaria elazigensis var. purpurea and Cephalaria davisiana) was investigated. The essential oil mixtures were obtained by steam distillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus. Twenty-eight components were identified by GC-FID and GC-MS techniques. While total volatile percentages ranged from 68.99% to 84.57%, the total essential oil yields ranged between 38.15% and 64.05%. Geraniol, α-cedrene and p-cymene were determined as the main components. Geraniol was detected as a major component in C. cilicica (14.64%), and α-cedrene was detected as a major component with 26.03% for C. lycica, 16.93% for C. scoparia, 13.01% for C. davisiana and 10.94% for C. paphlagonica. Cephalaria scoparia, C. davisiana and C. gazipashensis have considerable amount of p-cymene as 12.86%, 12.70% and 11.16%, respectively. This was the first essential oil report concerning the Cephalaria genus.

A New Natural Hybrid of Convolvulus (Convolvulaceae) from Central Anatolia, Turkey

Convolvulus x turcicus C. Aykurt & Sümbül, a new natural hybrid between C. holosericeus subsp. holosericeus and C. compactus from central Anatolia, Turkey, is described and illustrated. The morphological characteristics of C. x turcicus are compared with those of its parents. The pollen characteristics of C. x turcicus and its parents were examined by means of light microscopy and SEM.