Süleyman Doğu

Anatomical and micromorphological studies on Teucrium sect. Isotriodon (Lamiaceae) in Turkey with a taxonomic note

In this study, the anatomical features of the leaf and stem, besides the nutlet characteristics of some Teucrium sect. Isotriodon (Lamiaceae) taxa in Turkey, T. montbretii Betham subsp. montbretii, T. montbretii subsp. pamphylicum P. H. Davis, T. odontites Boiss. & Bal., T. cavernarum P. H. Davis, T. antitauricum T. Ekim, along with an isolated population of T. montbretii (T. montbretii subsp.) were investigated. The anatomical studies revealed that the taxa share generally similar anatomical characters, such as thicker upper leaf cuticles and larger upper leaf epidermal cells compared to lower ones and diacytic to anomocytic stomata on the leaves. However, the portion of the mesophyll occupied by palisade parenchyma and the occurrence of mucilage cells in leaf epidermis shows difference among the taxa. Furthermore, the studied taxa have general stem characteristics of the Lamiaceae family, except for having poorly developed collenchyma at the corners. With the amphistomatic leaves and developed sclerenchymatic tissue in the leaf median vein, T. cavernarum is seperated from the other taxa. Trichome types on the vegetative organs and nutlet shape and sculpturing are generally the same or similar in the studied taxa, but trichomes on the nutlets are different among them. Based on nutlet characteristics and some morphological ones, it was revealed that the isolated population of T. montbretii represent a new subspecies, T. monbretii subsp. yildirimlii M.Dinç & S.Doğu subsp. nov.

Anatomical and nutlet differentiation between Teucrium montanum and T. polium from Turkey

Teucrium montanum L. and T. polium L. are the two closest Teucrium L. species from sect. Polium (Mill.) Schreb in Turkey. In addition, they are sympatric for some part of their range in Turkey. In this study, comparative anatomical and micromorphological studies of the two species are carried out. They have been investigated by their leaf and stem anatomical features, as well as nutlet micromorphological characteristics. The results of anatomical studies show that the anatomical characters of both taxa are observed to be similar to the general features of the family Lamiaceae anatomy, except for lacking rich collenchyma at the corners. Both taxa are similar in stem anatomy and their leaves exhibit xeromorphy. However, trichome morphology on the stems and the leaves appear to have a taxonomic value in segregation of the two taxa. Light and scanning electron microscope studies on the nutlets also show that nutlet shapes, measures and surface micromorphologies are different in the two species. Whereas nutlet surfaces are bireticulate in both species, the nutlets are larger and primary sculpturing is more distinct in T. polium than in T. montanum. Moreover, the nutlets are oblong to oblong-ovoid and larger in T. polium, but ovoid and smaller in T. montanum.

Composition of the essential oil of Stachys sericantha, S. gaziantepensis, and S. mardinensis (Lamiaceae) from Turkey

ABSTRACT The genus Stachys L. one of the largest genera of Lamiaceae and Stachys species are used by many people for the therapeutic value of their essential oils. In this study, water-distilled essential oil of three species of Stachys was analysed. The analysis was performed by using gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) systems simultaneously. The major components found were hexadecanoic acid (23.7%), dodecanoic acid (11.3%), and caryophyllene oxide (10.7%) for S. sericantha P.H. Davis (endemic); α-pinene (53%), β-pinene (8.2%) for S. gaziantepensis M. Dinc and S. Doğu (endemic); Menthyl acetate (15.3%), isomenthone (15.0%), pulegone (10%), spathulenol (7.0%), and caryophyllene oxide (6.7%) for S. mardinensis (Post) R. Mill.

Stachys gaziantepensis (Lamiaceae), a New Species from South Anatolia, Turkey

Stachysgaziantepensis species nova is described and illustrated. It exhibits general features of the section Infrarosularis. However, it differs from the other species of the section from Turkey by its slender appearance. In addition, while the other species of the section grow on limestone or serpentine rocks, the new species grows on marble rocks. Diagnostic characters of S.gaziantepensis from sect. Infrarosularis species, especially from its closest relative S. pumila and S. choruhensis with extreme distribution, are discussed. In addition to its more slender appearance, it differs from S. pumila by its indumentum, leaf shape, inflorescence, calyx size and shape, corolla size and colour; from S. choruhensis by its indumentum, stem ramification, leaf shape, inflorescence and corolla colour according to the observations. The accompanying taxa within its habitat are given. The conservation status of the new species is also evaluated based on population density and possible threats within presently known locality.

Compositions of essential oils of Salvia adenophylla, Salvia pilifera, and Salvia viscosa in Turkey

Abstract In the Anatolia folk medicine, Salvia species are used by many people in various villages and towns for the therapeutic value of their essential oils. In this study, water-distilled essential oil of three species of Salvia (Lamiaceae) was analyzed. The analysis was performed using a gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry systems, simultaneously. The major components were found as α-pinene (16.2%) and β-pinene (14.4%) for Salvia adenophylla Hedge & Hub-Mor. (endemic); β-pinene (24.9%), myrcene (9.0%), and α-humulene (7.9%) for Salvia pilifera Montbret et Aucher ex Bentham (endemic); α-copaene (13.0%), β-caryophyllene (10.8%), γ-muurolene (9.8%), δ-cadinene, and caryophyllene oxide (8.0%) for Salvia viscosa Jacq.

Compositions of the Essential Oils of Teucrium cavernarum and Teucrium paederotoides, Two Endemic Species from Turkey

Abstract The essential oils from aerial parts of Teucrium cavernarum P.H. Davis and Teucrium paederotoides Boiss. & Hausskn. (Lamiaceae) both of which are endemic species in Turkey were isolated by steam distillation and analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Plants were collected during the flowering period from Karaman (T. cavernarum) and Gaziantep (T. paederotoides) province of Turkey. Thirty compounds were identified in the oil of T. cavernarum and seventy three compounds were identified in the oil of T. paederotoides. The major components were characterized as β-caryophyllene (32.9 %), germacrene D (20.7 %), caryophyllene oxide (14.1 %) and bicyclogermacrene (6.3 %) for T. cavernarum and germacrene-D (20.8 %), pulegone (9.5 %), bicyclogermacrene (9.2 %), hexacecanoic acid (7.9 %) and spathulenol (6.5 %) for T. paederotoides, respectively.

The Essential Oil Compositions of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Cultivated in Konya and Collected from Mersin-Turkey

Purpose: In this research, essential oil (EO) compositions of the dried and fresh aerial parts of Rosmarinus officinalis cultivated in the reearch field in Selcuk University Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department Area in Konya and collected from Mersin was investigated. Material and Methods: EO was distilled by using Clevenger type apparatus for 3 h and the chemical compositions were detected in GC-MS. Results: Although, the oil yields of the collected rosemary was determined to be 0.4 ml (in fresh) and 0.6 ml (in dried) aerial parts, the yields of the cultivated plants for fresh and dried parts were 0.32 ml (in fresh) and 0.9 ml (in dried), respectively. In this research the differences with respect to composition and components were determined between the cultivated and collected plants. On the other hand, in this study, it was also determined that the EO compositions varied with respect to be fresh or dry of the plant parts. While there were 67 and 55 of EO compositions were observed in the fresh and dried parts of the collected marjoram, respectively; in the cultivated plants there were 46 (in fresh) and 79 (in dried) components detected. Conclusion: In this study, it was observed that the major EO compositions were camphor, 1.8-cineole, borneol, α-pinene, linalool, verbenone, bornyl acetate, limonene and camphene. The objective of the study to detect the differences between the EO compositions varied according to be the plant fresh or dry and collected or cultivated.

Composition and Anticandidial Activity of the Essential Oil of Kundmannia syriaca from Turkey

The genus Kundmannia Scop. belongs to the Oenantheae tribe (Apiaceae), which consists of five species. K. anatolica and K. syriaca are endemic to Turkey [1, 2], K. syriaca to Syria [3], K. insulana to Europe [4], K. pastinacifolia to Sicily [5], and K. sicula to be Mediterranean Basin [6, 7]. In the present study we show for the first time, that the essential oil of K. syriaca fruits is composed mainly of terpenoids (Table 1) that possess anticandidial activity. Thirty-eight compounds were characterized in the oil of K. syriaca, representing 74.8% of the oil, with -cadinene (9.3%), spathulenol (7.5%), (Z)farnesene (5.8%), eudesma-4(15),7-dien-4 -ol (5.6%), and thymol methyl ether (5.3%) as the main constituents. The composition of the oil sample was dominated by sesquiterpenes (60.3%). Among these sesquiterpenes, the oxygenated derivatives represented 33.6%, whereas the oxygenated monoterpenes represented 9.3%. The essential oil was tested against five different human pathogenic Candida species. The MIC value for Candida utilis NRRL Y-900 was 8 g/mL, and 62.5 g/mL for Candida glabrata ATCC 66032 standard strains. The antifungal activity of the oil versus fluconazole was relatively good, especially against C. utilis, as seen in Table 2. Djarri et al. [8] studied the essential oil of aerial parts of K. sicula from two different localities of Northeast of Algeria and identifed more than 24 compounds. The major components were oxygenated sesquiterpenes, among which salvial-4(14)en-1-one (10.1% and 16.4%), spathulenol (14.8% and 2.8%), and caryophyllene oxide (12.2% and 0%) were the main ones. According to the results of our study, -cadinene (9.3%) and spathulenol (7.5%) were found to be the main components of the essential oil of the fruits of K. syriaca, while salvial-4(14)en-1-one (4.5%) and caryophyllene oxide (2.3%) were found to be the minor components. Sesquiterpene compounds, especially oxygenated ones, were observed in the essential oils of the aerial parts of K. sicula [8]. Plant Material and Isolation Procedure. Kudmannia syriaca was collected from Adana Province of Turkey. The fruits of the plant were hydrodistilled for 3 h using a Clevenger-type apparatus to produce a small amount of essential oil, which was trapped in n-hexane. GC and GC-MS analysis and identification of the oil components are similar to our earlier study [9]. Anticandidial Activity. The assay was performed against five different pathogenic Candida strains (Table 2). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the Candida strains were determined by the broth microdilution method with some minor modifications [10]. The pure essential oil was used after evaporation of the solvent and dissolved in DMSO (100%) at an initial concentration of 4000 g/mL, and fluconazole was used as standard control. The concentration range of the samples studied was 4–4000 g/mL. Fluconazole was used in the same concentration limits as the essential oil. All Candida strains were inoculated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) prior to the experiments at 37 C. After incubation, the grown microorganisms were inoculated in sterile saline (0.85%) and then standardized turbitometrically (McFarland No. 0.5, 5 103 CFU per well) in RPMI medium under sterile conditions. Serial dilutions were prepared in 100 L RPMI medium with an equal amount of the test samples. After serial dilution, 100 L of each microorganism suspension was pipetted into each well and incubated at 37 C for 24 h. Then resazurin solution was added for coloration at the end of the incubation time, and the plates were incubated again at 37 C for 3 time. Wells in which Candida growth was present appeared pink in color, and those where no growth occurred appeared blue. Positive growth controls (to assess the presence of turbidity) were performed in wells not containing antifungal. In addition, negative growth control (medium) was applied in 96-well plates. MIC was defined as the lowest concentration that did not result in any visible growth of the microorganism compared with the growth in the control plate (MIC, in mg/mL).

Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Pimpinella isaurica Matthews subsp. isaurica

Abstract The essential oil of aerial parts of P. isaurica wild growing in South Anatolia was extracted by using a Clevenger type apparatus, and analysed by GC and GC-MS. The percentage yield of the essential oil from of aerial parts of Pimpinella was 0.2 %. The oil was colourless to pale-yellow in colour. Fifty-three compounds representing 98.0 % of the P. isaurica oil were identified. The major constituents in the oil from the aerial parts of P. isaurica were: sabinene (12.79 %), myrcene (4.43 %), geijerene (24.30 %), terpinene-4-ol (4.71 %), dictamnol (5.82 %), caryophyllene oxide (3.84 %). Caryophyllene oxide was common to all samples. Other compounds were found in the oils but with some quantitative variation. Fifty-three compounds were identified in the aerial parts oil.