Suping Duan

Near‐Earth injection of MeV electrons associated with intense dipolarization electric fields: Van Allen Probes observations

Abstract Substorms generally inject tens to hundreds of keV electrons, but intense substorm electric fields have been shown to inject MeV electrons as well. An intriguing question is whether such MeVelectron injections can populate the outer radiation belt. Here we present observations of a substorm injection of MeV electrons into the inner magnetosphere. In the premidnight sector at L ∼ 5.5, Van Allen Probes (Radiation Belt Storm Probes)‐A observed a large dipolarization electric field (50 mV/m) over ∼40 s and a dispersionless injection of electrons up to ∼3 MeV. Pitch angle observations indicated betatron acceleration of MeV electrons at the dipolarization front. Corresponding signals of MeV electron injection were observed at LANL‐GEO, THEMIS‐D, and GOES at geosynchronous altitude. Through a series of dipolarizations, the injections increased the MeV electron phase space density by 1 order of magnitude in less than 3 h in the outer radiation belt (L > 4.8). Our observations provide evidence that deep injections can supply significant MeV electrons.

Quantitative analysis of a Hall system in the exhaust of asymmetric magnetic reconnection

Taking advantage of high-resolution measurements from the MMS mission, we find evidence for a complete Hall system in the exhaust of asymmetric magnetic reconnection 40Di downstream of the X line. The investigation of the fine structure of the Hall system reveals that it displays features in the exhaust similar to those reported previously in the ion diffusion region by simulations and observations. This finding confirms the importance of particle-scale processes in the reconnection exhaust as well. On the magnetospheric side of the exhaust, electrons are strongly accelerated by parallel electric fields. This process significantly contributes to feed the Hall current system, resulting in a non-negligible Hall magnetic field signature on this side despite an otherwise lower density. Calculation of the induced out-of-plane magnetic field by in-plane currents (based on Biot-Savart Law) provides direct quantitative evidence for the process of Hall magnetic field generation by the Hall current system. A strong normal Hall electric field is present only on the magnetospheric side of the exhaust region, consistent with previous works. Multipoint data analysis shows that the ion pressure gradient in the ion momentum equation produces this Hall electric field. This global pattern of the Hall system can be explained by Kinetic Alfven Wave (KAW) theory.

Contributions of substorm injections to SYM-H depressions in the main phase of storms

Substorm injections bring energetic particles to the inner magnetosphere. But the role of the injected population in building up the storm time ring current is not well understood. By surveying Los Alamos National Laboratory geosynchronous data during 34 storm main phases, we show evidence that at least some substorm injections can contribute to substorm-time scale SYM-H/Dst depressions in the main phase of storms. For event studies, we analyze two typical events in which the main-phase SYM-H index exhibited stepwise depressions that are correlated with particle flux enhancement due to injections and with AL index. A statistical study is performed based on 95 storm time injection events. The flux increases of the injected population (50–400 keV) are found proportional to the sharp SYM-H depressions during the injection interval. By identifying dispersionless and dispersive injection signals, we estimate the azimuthal extent of the substorm injection. Statistical results show that the injection regions of these storm time substorms are characterized with an azimuthal extent larger than 06:00 magnetic local time. These results suggest that at least some substorm injections may mimic the large-scale enhanced convection and contribute to sharp decreases of Dst in the storm main phase.

Spectral characteristics of the plasma dispersionless injection during the storm recovery phase on 11 March 1998

A substorm dispersionless injection event observed during the storm recovery phase on 11 March 1998 at geosynchronous orbit is carefully studied. The event shows the notable characteristics that for energetic ions the flux enhancement ratio before and after injection increases and remains elevated with increasing energy, while for energetic electrons it tends to decrease with increasing energy. In order to explain the unique injection feature, the authors propose a possible mechanism that velocity space diffusion in common to electric acceleration adjusts the particle injection state. Spectral characteristics of four different phases (pregrowth phase, the growth phase, the substorm expansion phase, and the recovery phase) have been investigated. The differential fluxes of electrons from 50 keV to 1.5 Mev and ions from 50 keV to 1.2 MeV measured by Synchronous Orbit Plasma Analyzer (SOPA) instrument onboard LANL satellite 1991-080 are found to be best fitted with the three-parameter kappa distribution function (f similar to A(0) . E[1 + E / (kappa E-0)](-kappa-1)) by Levenberg-Marquardt and Universal Global Optimization methods. The evolutions of the three parameters in the above kappa distribution in different substorm phases have been depicted for both electrons and ions. In each phase, E-0 and kappa show an approximately linear relationship kappa(E-0) = kappa(0) + eta E-0. This linear relationship can be obtained by solving the velocity space diffusion equation with an initial superthermal kappa distribution. Ion and electron are found to have opposite trend of parameters kappa(0) and eta in each phase, which indicates that the different species of particles exert different velocity space diffusion processes so that their flux enhancement ratios before and after injection are rather different. This implies that not only electric field acceleration, but also velocity space diffusion plays a very important role in the particle injection.

Cluster observations of unusually high concentration of energetic O+ carried by flux ropes in the nightside high‐latitude magnetosheath during a storm initial phase

We present measurements from Cluster spacecraft to investigate the energetic singly charged oxygen ions, O+, within the flux ropes in the nightside high-latitude magnetosheath during the initial phase of an intense storm on 24 October 2011. Three magnetic flux ropes were identified by Cluster 4 in the intervals from 20:10 UT to 20:20 UT. Unusually, large number density of energetic O+ ions at energy of tens of keV was detected within these flux ropes. The number density of O+ ions was above 0.1cm(-3) and the maximum value was about 0.25cm(-3), 1 order of magnitude larger than the ambient value (0.01cm(-3)) in the magnetosheath. The O+/H+ ratio is as large as 0.08 within the flux ropes. Enhanced convection electric fields E-y (10mV/m) are associated with the flux rope and the high concentrations of energetic O+. The flux ropes, which are presumably produced by magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause or cusp, are convected at a larger velocity than the tailward velocity of ambient flows in the magnetosheath. These observations together show that abundant energetic O+ ions are carried by the flux ropes toward tail in the nightside magnetosheath. Our observations present new evidence for a chain linking the dayside to the nightside in the global O+ transport process.

Oxygen Ions O+ Energized by Kinetic Alfvén Eigenmode During Dipolarizations of Intense Substorms

Singly charged oxygen ions, O+, energized by kinetic Alfven wave eigenmode (KAWE) in the plasma sheet boundary layer during dipolarizations of two intense substorms,10:07 UT on 31 August 2004 and 18:24 UT on 14 September 2004, are investigated by Cluster spacecraft in the magnetotail. It is found that after the beginning of the expansion phase of substorms, O+ ions are clearly energized in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field with energy larger than 1 keV in the near-Earth plasma sheet (NEPS) during magnetic dipolarizations. The pitch angle distribution of these energetic O+ ions is significantly different from that of O+ ions with energy less than 1 keV before substorm onset which is in the quasi-parallel direction along the magnetic field. The KAWE with the large perpendicular unipolar electric field, Ez ~ -20 mV/m, significantly accelerate O+ ions in the direction perpendicular to the background magnetic field. We present good evidences that O+ ions origin from the ionosphere along the magnetic field line in the northward lobe can be accelerated in the perpendicular direction during substorm dipolarizations. The change of the move direction of O+ ions is useful for O+ transferring from the lobe into the central plasma sheet in the magnetotail. Thus KAWE can play an important role in O+ ions transfer process from the lobe into the plasma sheet during intense substorms.