Suryo Purwono

Graphical exergy analysis of reactive distillation column for biodiesel production

This paper brings the novelty of the exergy analysis technique using Ex-N-A diagram to a packed reactive distillation (RD) column for biodiesel production. In this study, biodiesel is produced through the esterification of fatty acid with methanol. The simulation of the column was performed based on the non-equilibrium (NEQ) model of a three-phase packed RD system. The graphical Ex-N-A method was utilised to evaluate exergy features of the internal RD column. This technique rigorously demonstrated the value of exergy losses at each increment of the column, i.e., losses owing to the temperature change, phase change, mixing in liquid and vapour phases and chemical reaction. The effects of the molar ratio of the reactant and the height of the packed column on the conversion and exergy losses were examined and displayed in a simple figure.

Optimization of pretreatment of Jatropha oil with high free fatty acids for biodiesel production

A central composite rotatable design and response surface methodology were used in order to investigate the individual and combined effects of the ethanol-to-oil ratio, H2SO4 concentration, temperature and time of reaction on the reduction of free fatty acid (FFA) in jatropha oil. A quadratic polynomial model relating the reaction variables with FFA reduction was developed, presenting a good coefficient of determination (R2= 0.893). For reducing FFA to less than 1%, the optimal combination was found to be 0.62 v·v−1 ethanol-to-oil ratio (14.9 v·v−1 ethanol-to-FFA ratio), 1.7% v·v−1 H2SO4 concentration, and 79 min reaction time at a reaction temperature of 54°C. These results are of great relevance to maximize methyl esters formation by transesterification using an alkaline catalyst.

Characteristics of Metals Supported-Zeolites Catalysts on Steam Reforming of Bioethanol

Graphene has shown great potential for high speed devise and transparent electrode in recent years. Thermal CVD (Chemical vapor deposition) with methane gas is the most popular method for graphene synthesis. However, a high temperature of 900 C and higher is necessary for synthesizing high-quality graphene. In this study, monolayer graphene with fewer defects was synthesized using acetylene gas at 800 C. In addition, an optimal CVD condition for monolayer graphene with fewer defects was investigated by changing the nickel catalyst film thickness, hydrogen concentration, and cooling condition. The results showed that the number of the graphene layers decreased with an increase of the nickel film thickness. Furthermore, although a small amount of hydrogen reduced the amount of the defect, a lot of hydrogen etched the graphene. The fastest cooling rate in pure nitrogen was effective for synthesis of graphene with high crystallinity and with almost no defect. We succeeded in the monolayer graphene synthesis with a low density of defects on nickel catalyst film by a thermal CVD at 800 C using acetylene gas.

Effect of modification ZSM-5 catalyst in upgrading quality of organic liquid product derived from catalytic cracking of Indonesian nyamplung oil (Calophyllum inophyllum)

The catalytic cracking of nyamplung oil over ZSM-5 catalyst was investigated in a packed bed reactor at the temperature of 450 °C and ratio of catalysts to oils was 1:5. The results show that ZSM-5 has high selectivity for aromatics compounds but low in the paraffin compounds. This aromatic compound has an advantage in increasing the octane number of gasoline even though it should be limited due to environmental regulation. To upgrade the quality of the organic liquid product is done by modification catalyst. One of the method to modify the catalysts by impregnating metal Ni into ZSM-5 with various % weight of Ni (2-7 wt. %). From BET and BJH analysis shows that the modification Ni/ZSM-5 catalysts affected the surface area and pore volume of catalyst. Compared to catalytic cracking of nyamplung oil with ZSM-5 catalysts, the loading of Ni to ZSM-5 could improve the selectivity of paraffin compounds. Increasing on nickel loaded tends to increase the selectivity of paraffin compounds and decrease the aromati...

Synthesis of sodium lignosulphonate from oil palm empty fruit bunches’s lignin

Synthesis of sodium lignosulphonate have been done by using batch method. Optimation of synthesis method was achieved through this study. The study was conducted on the optimation of mass ratio of lignin to the NaHSO3 solution, the concentration of NaHSO3 solution, reaction temperature, and reaction time. Of all the treatments, it was found that the optimum mass ratio of lignin to the NaHSO3 solution, concentration of NaHSO3 solution, reaction temperature, and reaction time respectively, 0.3 M, 0.1 M 97 °C, and the reaction was carried out for 4 hours. Excellent yields and selective products were obtained (90-92%)Synthesis of sodium lignosulphonate have been done by using batch method. Optimation of synthesis method was achieved through this study. The study was conducted on the optimation of mass ratio of lignin to the NaHSO3 solution, the concentration of NaHSO3 solution, reaction temperature, and reaction time. Of all the treatments, it was found that the optimum mass ratio of lignin to the NaHSO3 solution, concentration of NaHSO3 solution, reaction temperature, and reaction time respectively, 0.3 M, 0.1 M 97 °C, and the reaction was carried out for 4 hours. Excellent yields and selective products were obtained (90-92%)

Pemanfaatan Cangkang Biji Pala sebagai Briket dengan Proses Pirolisis

The abundance of nutmeg seed shells in Tidore is the reason to study the possibility to produce charcoal briquettes. The use of charcoal briquettes was expected to reduce waste of nutmeg seed shell and can be an alternative energy source with a high economic value. This study aims to investigate the effect of pyrolysis temperature and composition of tapioca adhesive to resulting quality of briquettes. The first step of the research was the preparation of nutmeg seed shells consisted of drying and size reduction into less than 20 mesh size. Afterward, the powder was put into furnace and heated to 350°C, 400°C, and 450°C for 90 minutes. During the process, volume of gas and liquids were measured every 15 minutes, while gas was sampled at 60-minute reaction. When pyrolysis was finished, about 20 g of charcoal was mixed with tapioca adhesive. The compositions of adhesive were 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. Finally, composite was formed in a cylindrical shape and compressed with hydraulic press at f 3 tons weight for a minute. The briquettes were then dried and analyzed with proximate analysis test. The results show that the highest calorific value was 6717.74 cal/g for material pyrolyzed at 450oC and 20% adhesive. The effect of adhesive on shatter index test showed that increasing composition of adhesive makes a better briquette quality as shown by a lower shatter index. In this study, the minimum weight loss was obtained by the addition of 30% adhesive. Keywords: briquettes, nutmeg seed shells, pyrolysis Ketersediaan cangkang biji pala yang melimpah di kota Tidore menjadi dasar dilakukannya penelitian mengenai pemanfaatan cangkang biji pala menjadi briket arang. Penggunaan briket arang diharapkan dapat mengurangi limbah cangkang biji pala dan sebagai sumber energi alternatif ramah lingkungan yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh suhu pirolisis dan komposisi campuran perekat dengan arang cangkang biji pala terhadap kualitas briket. Tahap pertama dalam penelitian ini adalah penyiapan bahan baku berupa pengeringan dan penyesuaian ukuran cangkang biji pala sebesar 20 mesh. Tahap kedua yaitu proses pirolisis dengan cara memasukkan bubuk cangkang biji pala ke dalam tungku pirolisis (pirolisis selama 90 menit dengan variasi suhu 350oC, 400oC dan 450oC). Selama proses pirolisis berlangsung, volume gas dan cairan diukur setiap 15 menit, sedangkan pengambilan sampel gas dilakukan setelah pirolisis mencapai waktu 60 menit. Setelah dipirolisis, arang cangkang biji pala ditimbang seberat 20 gram kemudian bahan ini dicampurkan dengan perekat tapioka dengan variasi komposisi sebesar 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, dan 30%. Setelah itu, arang cangkang biji pala dicetak dalam bentuk silinder dan dikempa dengan alat kempa hidrolik dengan berat 3 ton selama 1 menit. Briket kemudian dikeringkan dan dianalisis uji proksimat. Hasil uji proksimat menunjukkan bahwa nilai kalor yang tertinggi sebesar 6717,74 kal/g dimiliki oleh bahan hasil pirolisis suhu 450oC dengan campuran perekat 20%. Pengaruh perekat terhadap uji shatter index menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi kandungan perekat dalam briket maka semakin baik shatter index dari briket. Pada penelitian ini diketahui bahwa briket dengan penambahan perekat sebesar 30% mengalami kehilangan berat yang paling sedikit. Kata kunci: briket, cangkang biji pala, pirolisis