Wega Trisunaryanti

Characteristics of Metals Supported-Zeolites Catalysts on Steam Reforming of Bioethanol

Graphene has shown great potential for high speed devise and transparent electrode in recent years. Thermal CVD (Chemical vapor deposition) with methane gas is the most popular method for graphene synthesis. However, a high temperature of 900 C and higher is necessary for synthesizing high-quality graphene. In this study, monolayer graphene with fewer defects was synthesized using acetylene gas at 800 C. In addition, an optimal CVD condition for monolayer graphene with fewer defects was investigated by changing the nickel catalyst film thickness, hydrogen concentration, and cooling condition. The results showed that the number of the graphene layers decreased with an increase of the nickel film thickness. Furthermore, although a small amount of hydrogen reduced the amount of the defect, a lot of hydrogen etched the graphene. The fastest cooling rate in pure nitrogen was effective for synthesis of graphene with high crystallinity and with almost no defect. We succeeded in the monolayer graphene synthesis with a low density of defects on nickel catalyst film by a thermal CVD at 800 C using acetylene gas.

Synthesis of mesoporous carbon using gelatin as source of carbon by hard template technique and its characterizations

Synthesis of mesoporous carbon using gelatin as source of carbon by hard template technique (endotemplating) and its characterizations had been investigated. The mesoporous silica (SBA-15) as a template was reacted with the gelatie in a H2SO4 solution. The template-polymer composite was then pyrolyzed under a nitrogen flow at 900 °C for 3 h to carbonize the polymer and finished by silica removal from the composite using NaOH solution at temperature of 70 °C The properties of samples were characterized by N2 adsorption- desorption isotherms, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transformation Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) and Differential Thermal Analysis-Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DTA-DSC). The results showed that the ordered mesoporous carbon was obtained after dehydration, pyrolysis and silica removal process. The presence of nitrogen atoms in the gelatin as the precursors of carbon improved the thermal stability of the carbon. The mesoporous carbon sample have high content of carbon (85 wt.%) and thermal stabliity (up to 1400 °C), specific surface areas of 580 m 2 /g, total pore volumes of 0,5 cm 3 /g, and pore diameter of 3,8 nm.

Characteristics of Metal Supported-Zeolite Catalysts for Hydrocracking of Polyethylene Terephthalat

Characterization and modification of natural zeolite (ZA) produced in Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia, as well as metal supported onto the zeolite for hydrocracking catalysts of polyethylene terephthalat (PET) have been conducted. The natural zeolite was refluxed in HCl 3M for 30 min., drying and heated in a microwave produced the ZAA sample. The transition metal such as Cu, Cr, Ni, or Pd was loaded into the ZAA sample under reflux in methanol using salt precursor of each metal, produced the Cu/ZAA, Cr/ZAA, Ni/ZAA, and Pd/ZAA catalysts. The zeolite based samples were characterized by means of determination of acidity by vapor adsorption of NH3 and pyridine, catalyst crystalinity by X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area by surface area analyzer NOVA-1000 and TO4 (T= Si and Al) site by Infra Red Spectrophotometer (IR). The PET was pyrolyzed in 350 oC produced liquid fraction as a feed for hydrocracking process. The hydrocracking of the PET was carried out in a fixed bed reactor of stainless steel at temperature of 350 o C, H2 flow rate of 20 mL/min., feed/catalyst ratio of 10. Liquid products of the hydrocracking were analyzed using GC and GC-MS. The characterization results showed that the Indonesian natural zeolite produced in Sukabumi consisted mainly of mordenite crystalline. The HCl treatment towards the natural zeolite caused dealumination, increased its acidity and surface area. Loading of Ni, Cu, Cr, or Pd metal on to the zeolite did not affect the zeolite crystallinity. However, the metal loading decreased surface area of the zeolite. Products of the hydrocracking were liquid, coke, and gas fractions. The liquid products consisted mainly of gasoline fraction (C5-C12). The highest liquid product conversion was produced by the Pd/ZAA catalyst, i.e. 34.05 wt. %, with selectivity towards gasoline fractions was 97.99 wt. %.

Effect of Sulfuric Acid Treatment and Calcination on Commercial Zirconia Nanopowder

The modification of commercial zirconia nanopowder by sulfuric acid and heat treatment was conducted. The aim of this present research was to obtain a stable modified zirconia nanopowder chemically and thermally by studying the effect of sulfuric acid treatment and calcination temperature on commercial zirconia nanopowder. The material was prepared by dispersing the commercial zirconia nanopowder into 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8 M sulfuric acid solutions, followed by calcination at varied temperatures, i.e. 600, 700, 800 and 900 °C. The so called sulfated zirconias then were characterized their physicochemical properties using FT-IR, XRD and SEM-EDX analysis methods. The optimized condition for that modification was obtained by using sulfuric acid of 0.8 M and calcination temperature of 600 °C. The characterization results also revealed that using ammonia adsorption method, the acidity of the catalyst was found to be 1.06 mmol/g.

PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATIONS AND MODIFICATION OF Ni-Pd/NATURAL ZEOLITE CATALYSTS

Preparation, and modification of Ni-Pd/natural zeolite as well as their characterizations had been carried out. The aim of this research for the fututure is to prepare the best characters catalyst for the conversion of waste plastics fraction to gasoline fraction (C5-C12 hydrocarbons). The preparation of catalysts was performed by reacting a natural zeolite with the precursor of Ni(NO3)2. 9H2O and PdCl2 in an ammonia solution (25%). The modifications were performed by varying the rasio of Ni/Pd loaded to the zeolite, whereas the Pd was previously loaded and total metal content was 1 wt.% based on the zeolite. The characterization of catalysts included determination of acidity gravimetrically by adsorption of ammonia or pyridine vapour base method, metal content by Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and X-ray Fluoresence (XRF) and crystallinity by X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The treatment of catalysts using Etilene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid (EDTA) was performed to study the metal distribution on the outer or inner surface of the zeolite. The characterization results showed that the loading of metals to the zeolite increased its acidity and decreased its spesific surface area, however, did not defect its crystallnity. The metals loaded on the zeolite were distributed inside the pore and at outer surface of the zeolite. For all catalyst samples, the acidities determined using ammonia were higher than those of pyridine, and the acidities determined before the EDTA treatment was lower than those after the treatment. Metal contents of the zeolite before the EDTA treatment were higher than those after the treatment. The EDTA treatment enhanced the crystallinity of the sampel. The relationship between the metal rasio towards the acidity of the catalyst samples were in variation. Catalyst samples produced in this research have good characters, thus promisingly can be used for conversion process of waste plastics to gasoline fraction.

Synthesis and Characterization of Ni-Cu Doped Zirconia-pillared Bentonite

Copper doped Ni/zirconia-pillared bentonite prepared using pillarization-impregnation method and its application as heterogeneous catalyst for hydrocracking of cooking oil to biogasoline has been investigated. Several zirconia-pillared bentonite supported Ni-Cu catalyst (Ni-Cu [x:y])/ zirconia-pillared bentonites; where x and y represent the mass ratio of Ni and Cu, respectively) were prepared by the impregnation method and used for hydrocracking of cooking oil to biogasoline. The Ni-Cu/zirconia-pillared bentonite samples were characterized by TEM, SEM, TGA,while the surface area by N2 adsorption, GC-MS was used to evaluate the product. The catalytic activity was assessed in view of the effects of different mass ratios of Ni and Cu, temperature. Among all the samples, the Ni-Cu(3:1)/zirconia-pillared bentonite catalyst showed the highest catalytic ability.

Hydrocracking of waste lubricant into gasoline fraction over CoMo catalyst supported on mesoporous carbon from bovine bone gelatin

The hydrocracking of waste lubricant into gasoline fraction was carried out using CoMo catalyst supported on mesoporous carbon. The carbon was synthesized using bovine bone gelatin and SBA-15 as a template. The metals were loaded onto the carbon by wet impregnation method. The total metal content of catalyst was prepared into two different amounts which were labelled as CoMo/MCG1 and CoMo/MCG2. Catalytic activity and selectivity were evaluated in hydrocracking of waste lubricant at 450, 475, and 500 °C, and lubricant/catalyst weight ratio of 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400. The result revealed that acidity and specific surface area of the catalyst played an important role in determining the catalytic performance in the hydrocracking of waste lubricant. The highest percentage of gasoline fraction was 58.09%, produced by hydrocracking of waste lubricant at 475 °C and lubricant/catalyst weight ratio of 300 using CoMo/MCG2 catalyst.

Purification of Methyl Ricinoleate on Producing of Cetane Improver

Purification of methyl ricinoleate on a mixture of methyl ester that was derived from castor oil has been conducted. Methyl ricinoleate with high purity is required in the manufacture of additives for improving the cetane number of diesel oil. Purification of methyl ricinoleate was performed by fractional distillation under reduced pressure at 4.5 mmHg. In order to produce of cetane improver, methyl ricinoleate was nitrated with a mixture of HNO3 and acetic anhydride at 11-13°C for 4 hours. Based on the analysis using gas chromatography (GC) was known that purity of methyl ricinoleate can be increased from 87.2% to 99.5%, with a yield of 30.6% (v/v). FTIR analysis showedthe absorption spectrum at 3440 (1 /cm), which is derived from the vibrations of the -OH (hydroxyl) on the ricinoleate methyl molecules. The results of characterization showed an increase in density of 0.9161 (mg/L) to 0.9171 (mg /L) and the refractive index of 1.4619 to 1.4627. FTIR spectra of nitrated methyl ricinoleateshowedan absorption spectrum at 1627 (1/cm), in which indicates a new compound with nitrate group (-NO3).

Study of the acidic properties of ZrO2-pillared bentonite

Research on pillared clays prepared from purified bentonite of Boyolali Central Jawa, Indonesia, and polycation Zr at various concentration and calcination temperature had been done. Effect of acidity characteristic and structure of resulting materials were studied. The nature of acidic site of the material was identified on the basis of FTIRspectra of pyridine adsorbed on ZrO2- pillared bentonite catalysts. Analysis showed that increasing calcination temperature was followed by decreasing acidity and increasing ZrO2 content in the pillared bentonite accompanied by the increase of its acidity. FTIR spectra showed there was an intensity increase of the characteristic band of 1635 cm-1that indicates a Bronsted acid.

Preparation and characterization Al3+-bentonite Turen Malang for esterification fatty acid (palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid)

Catalyst preparation and characterization of Al3+-bentonite for esterification of palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid has been done. Al3+-bentonite catalyst was prepared from natural bentonite of Turen Malang through cation exchange reaction using AlCl3 solution. The catalysts obtained were characterized by XRD, XRF, pyridine-FTIR and surface area analyser using the BET method. Catalyst activity test of Al3+-bentonite for esterification reaction was done at 65°C using molar ratio of metanol-fatty acid of 30:1 and 0.25 g of Al3+-bentonite catalyst for the period of ½, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours. Based on the characterization results, the Al3+-bentonite Turen Malang catalyst has a d-spacing of 15.63 Ǻ, acid sites of Bronsted and Lewis respectively of 230.79 µmol/g and 99.39 µmol/g, surface area of 507.3 m2/g and the average of radius pore of 20.09 A. GC-MS analysis results of the oil phase after esterification reaction showed the formation of biodiesel (FAME: Fatty acid methyl ester), namely methyl palm...