Susan L Craddock

Critical Interventions in Global Health: Governmentality, Risk, and Assemblage

The rise of the term global health reflects a concern with rethinking the meaning of health in the context of globalization. As a field of practice, however, global health renders problems, populations, and spaces visible and amenable to intervention in differentiated ways. Whereas some problems are considered to be global, others are not. Some are considered to be matters of global security, whereas others lack this designation and remain in the realm of health or development. Attention is drawn to individual global health problems, even as their broader structural dimensions are often obscured. We suggest that a critical geographical approach to global health therefore entails reflexivity about the processes by which problems are constituted and addressed as issues of global health and identify three analytical approaches that offer complementary insights into them: governmentality, risk, and assemblage. We conclude by outlining some further issues for critically reflexive geographies of global health.

Sewers and scapegoats: Spatial metaphors of smallpox in nineteenth century San Francisco

Medical geography is slowly including more social and cultural theory in its analysis of health issues. Yet there is still room for theoretical growth in the discipline, in areas such as historical inquiry, metaphoric landscapes of disease, and the role of disease and its interpretations in the production of place. With the example of four smallpox epidemics in nineteenth century San Francisco, application of these concepts is illustrated. Each successive epidemic in San Francisco brought stronger association of the disease with Chinatown, until an almost complete metonymy of place and disease had occurred by the last decades of the century. The articulation of biased medical theory onto a landscape of xenophobia engendered this metaphorical transformation of Chinatown into a pustule of contagion threatening to infect the rest of the urban body. A less metaphoric mapping of smallpox focused on the sewer. According to 19th-century miasmatic theories of epidemiology, sewers were the most dangerous urban topographical feature. In an increasingly class-stratified city, they undercut attempts of the upper classes to escape disease by carrying smallpox-causing miasmas across class and ethnic boundaries. A reinvigorated sanitation movement was the result. Both reactions to smallpox epidemics had significant influence in shaping San Franciscos landscape, real and symbolic.

Embodying Place: Pathologizing Chinese and Chinatown in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco

This paper argues for uniting disease with body theories in investigations of power relations and the construction of race. It examines this alliance through the case studies of smallpox and syphilis in nineteenth century San Francisco. In locating epidemics inside the Chinese community and by reproducing Chinese bodies as intrinsically diseased, medical theories explaining smallpox and syphilis succeeded in shifting dominant constructions of race from different to pathological. But the process of body production and the role of disease in it cannot be divorced from a simultaneous analysis of the production of place. The configuration of Chinatowns streets and alleyways, perceptions of filth and crowding, and the bodies resident within Chinatown were simultaneously pathologized in a process that exemplifies the need for a better integration of body theories with theories of the social production of place.

Influenza and public health: learning from past pandemics.

Foreword. Introduction 1. Globalized Complexity and the Microbial Traffic of New and Emerging Infectious Disease Threats Part 1. Reframing 1918: States, Pandemics, and Public Health 2. Barcelonas Influenza: A Comparison of the 1889-1890 and 1918 Autumn Outbreaks 3. Prevent or Heal, Laisser Faire or Coerce: The Public Health Politics of Influenza in France, 1918-1919 Uses and Misuses of the History of the 1918 Pandemic: Two Integrative Essays Part 2. Epidemiology, Virology, and 20th Century Epidemics 4. Are Influenzas in Southern China Byproducts of its Globalizing Historical Present? 5. Recent Influenza Epidemics and Implications for Contemporary Influenza Research 6. Influenza and the Remaking of Epidemiology, 1918-1960 7.Hong Kong Flu (1968) Revisited 40 Years Later Scientific Influenza Research and the Management of Uncertainty: Contemporary Perspectives Part 3. Governmental and Non-Governmental Institutions and the Politics of Epidemic Management 8. Mobility Restrictions, Isolation, and Quarantine: Historical Perspective on Contemporary Debates 9 .Influenza, Intellectual Property, and Knowledge Sharing: A Recent History 10. Biosecurity in Time of Avian Influenza: Vietnam Epidemics and Ethics: Comparative Insights and Critical Questions for Public Health Planning. Commentaries. Conclusion

TUBERCULOSIS, TENEMENTS AND THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF NEGLECT: SAN FRANCISCO IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

history of tuberculosis in the nineteenth-century American West is a difficult one to trace. Although the disease took a significant toll on urban populations in terms of death and disability, it was given relatively little attention by medical, public health and lay constituencies. First of all, it was not considered contagious until the turn of the century: second, there were far more frightening and virulent epidemics of cholera, diphtheria and smallpox to contend with. The question arises, then, of why a history of tuberculosis in nineteenth-century San Francisco is important to tell. In the broadest sense, looking at society through the lens of disease is instructive because, especially – but not exclusively – before the advent of germ theory, the ways in which a disease’s etiology (cause) and epidemiology (its transmission through populations) were interpreted were highly contingent upon timeand place-specific social contexts. The state of the economy, politics, the ethnic makeup of the population, the state of medical knowledge and the ways in which urban places were conceptualized all had an impact upon how diseases were perceived and subsequently responded to in the nineteenth century and beyond. As the historian David Barnes puts it, the ways of interpreting tuberculosis (and other diseases) ‘do not just show the developing content of medical science. They also reveal the changing social context within which that knowledge was embedded’. Tracing a history of these responses to disease, then, traces simultaneously the history of a society, and more specifically highlights questions of class, race, morality and citizenship that must be analysed in order to understand the nature and character of a particular place in time. Interpretations of disease did depend, however, on their symptoms, virility and

Precarious connections: making therapeutic production happen for malaria and tuberculosis.

The One Health Movement has been a primary advocate for collaboration across disciplinary and organizational sectors in the study of infectious diseases. There is potentially much to be gained by incorporating the interrelations of animal and human ecosystems, as well as the expertise of veterinary, medical, and public health practitioners. Too often, however, the idea rather than the realities of collaboration become valorized within One Health approaches. Paying little to no attention to the motivations, ontologies, and politics of collaborative arrangements, however, is a critical mistake, one that diminishes considerably One Health framework explanatory powers. Using Anna Tsings framework of friction, in this paper I take the examples of malaria and tuberculosis pharmaceuticals collaborations, often called Product Development Partnerships, to argue for the need to attend to the conditions under which collaborations across divergent disciplines, geographies, organizations, and institutions might work productively and when they do not.

Influenza and Public Health

Foreword. Introduction 1. Globalized Complexity and the Microbial Traffic of New and Emerging Infectious Disease Threats Part 1. Reframing 1918: States, Pandemics, and Public Health 2. Barcelonas Influenza: A Comparison of the 1889-1890 and 1918 Autumn Outbreaks 3. Prevent or Heal, Laisser Faire or Coerce: The Public Health Politics of Influenza in France, 1918-1919 Uses and Misuses of the History of the 1918 Pandemic: Two Integrative Essays Part 2. Epidemiology, Virology, and 20th Century Epidemics 4. Are Influenzas in Southern China Byproducts of its Globalizing Historical Present? 5. Recent Influenza Epidemics and Implications for Contemporary Influenza Research 6. Influenza and the Remaking of Epidemiology, 1918-1960 7.Hong Kong Flu (1968) Revisited 40 Years Later Scientific Influenza Research and the Management of Uncertainty: Contemporary Perspectives Part 3. Governmental and Non-Governmental Institutions and the Politics of Epidemic Management 8. Mobility Restrictions, Isolation, and Quarantine: Historical Perspective on Contemporary Debates 9 .Influenza, Intellectual Property, and Knowledge Sharing: A Recent History 10. Biosecurity in Time of Avian Influenza: Vietnam Epidemics and Ethics: Comparative Insights and Critical Questions for Public Health Planning. Commentaries. Conclusion

Partner notification in the context of HIV: an interest-analysis

Codes of confidentiality play an essential role in the intimate discourses in many learned professions. Codes with various prescriptions exist. The Hippocratic Oath for example, prescribes rewards to the secret keeper, for keeping secret what ought to be kept secret, and punishments for failing. In public health practice, partner notification, arguably is one endeavor that tests the durability of this secret keeping doctrine of the health professional. We present an interest-analysis of partner notification in the context of HIV service rendition. Using principles-based analysis, the interests of the individual, the state/public health, and the bioethicist’s are discussed. The public health interests in partner notification, which are usually backed by state statutes and evidence, are premised on the theory that partners are entitled to knowledge. This theory posits that knowledge empowers individuals to avoid continuing risks; knowledge of infection allows for early treatment; and that knowledgeable partners can adapt their behavior to prevent further transmission of infection to others. However, persons infected with HIV often have counter interests. For instance, an infected person may desire to maintain the privacy of their health status from unnecessary disclosure because of the negative impacts of disclosure, or because notification without a matching access to HIV prevention and treatment services is detrimental. The interest of the bioethicist in this matter is to facilitate a resolution of these conflicted interests. Our analysis concludes that governmental interests are not absolute in comparison with the interests of the individual. We reiterate that any effort to morally balance the benefits of partner notification with its burdens ought to first recognize the multivalent nature of the interests at play.

Hong Kong Flu (1968) revisited 40 years later

Foreword. Introduction 1. Globalized Complexity and the Microbial Traffic of New and Emerging Infectious Disease Threats Part 1. Reframing 1918: States, Pandemics, and Public Health 2. Barcelonas Influenza: A Comparison of the 1889-1890 and 1918 Autumn Outbreaks 3. Prevent or Heal, Laisser Faire or Coerce: The Public Health Politics of Influenza in France, 1918-1919 Uses and Misuses of the History of the 1918 Pandemic: Two Integrative Essays Part 2. Epidemiology, Virology, and 20th Century Epidemics 4. Are Influenzas in Southern China Byproducts of its Globalizing Historical Present? 5. Recent Influenza Epidemics and Implications for Contemporary Influenza Research 6. Influenza and the Remaking of Epidemiology, 1918-1960 7.Hong Kong Flu (1968) Revisited 40 Years Later Scientific Influenza Research and the Management of Uncertainty: Contemporary Perspectives Part 3. Governmental and Non-Governmental Institutions and the Politics of Epidemic Management 8. Mobility Restrictions, Isolation, and Quarantine: Historical Perspective on Contemporary Debates 9 .Influenza, Intellectual Property, and Knowledge Sharing: A Recent History 10. Biosecurity in Time of Avian Influenza: Vietnam Epidemics and Ethics: Comparative Insights and Critical Questions for Public Health Planning. Commentaries. Conclusion

Mobility restrictions, isolation and quarantine: Historical perspectives on contemporary debates

Foreword. Introduction 1. Globalized Complexity and the Microbial Traffic of New and Emerging Infectious Disease Threats Part 1. Reframing 1918: States, Pandemics, and Public Health 2. Barcelonas Influenza: A Comparison of the 1889-1890 and 1918 Autumn Outbreaks 3. Prevent or Heal, Laisser Faire or Coerce: The Public Health Politics of Influenza in France, 1918-1919 Uses and Misuses of the History of the 1918 Pandemic: Two Integrative Essays Part 2. Epidemiology, Virology, and 20th Century Epidemics 4. Are Influenzas in Southern China Byproducts of its Globalizing Historical Present? 5. Recent Influenza Epidemics and Implications for Contemporary Influenza Research 6. Influenza and the Remaking of Epidemiology, 1918-1960 7.Hong Kong Flu (1968) Revisited 40 Years Later Scientific Influenza Research and the Management of Uncertainty: Contemporary Perspectives Part 3. Governmental and Non-Governmental Institutions and the Politics of Epidemic Management 8. Mobility Restrictions, Isolation, and Quarantine: Historical Perspective on Contemporary Debates 9 .Influenza, Intellectual Property, and Knowledge Sharing: A Recent History 10. Biosecurity in Time of Avian Influenza: Vietnam Epidemics and Ethics: Comparative Insights and Critical Questions for Public Health Planning. Commentaries. Conclusion