Susanne Krug

Recommendations for Promoting Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents in Germany. A Consensus Statement

Increasing physical activity and reduction of sedentary behaviour play important roles in health promotion and prevention of lifestyle-related diseases in children and adolescents. However, the question of how much physical activity is useful for which target group is still a matter of debate. International guidelines (World Health Organization; European Association for the Study of Obesity), which are mainly based on expert opinions, recommend 60 min of physical activity every day. Age- and sex-specific features and regional differences are not taken into account. Therefore, expert consensus recommendations for promoting physical activity of children and adolescents in Germany were developed with special respect to national data, but also with respect to aspects of specific target groups, e.g., children with a lower socio-economic status (SES) or with migration background. They propose 90 min/day of physical activity, or at least 12,000 steps daily. Additionally, lifestyle factors, especially restriction of media consumption, were integrated. The recommendations provide orientation for parents and caregivers, for institutions such as schools and kindergartens as well as for communities and stakeholders.

Zum Zusammenhang zwischen körperlicher Aktivität und Gesundheit bei Kindern und Jugendlichen

ZusammenfassungAufgrund des zunehmend diskutierten Gesundheitszustandes von Kindern und Jugendlichen sowie der veränderten Bewegungswelt ist die Frage nach der Wirkung körperlicher Aktivität auf Gesundheitsaspekte von großer Bedeutung. Der Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurvey (KiGGS) des Robert Koch-Instituts liefert erstmals bundesweit repräsentative Querschnittdaten zum Zusammenhang zwischen Gesundheit und körperlicher Aktivität. Unter Berücksichtigung soziodemografischer Faktoren legen die Ergebnisse einen positiven Zusammenhang zwischen allgemeinem Gesundheitszustand und verschiedenen Arten der körperlichen Aktivität nahe. Die Ergebnisse variieren dabei hinsichtlich Geschlecht und Art der körperlichen Betätigung. Kausale Rückschlüsse sind aus methodischen Gründen erst nach dem Vorliegen längsschnittlicher Verlaufsdaten und damit nach der zweiten Welle des KiGGS möglich.AbstractThe question of whether physical activity is associated with positive aspects of health becomes increasingly more important in the light of the health status in today’s children and adolescents and due to the changing lifestyle with respect to everyday activity. The German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) collected the first set of nationwide representative cross-sectional data to examine the relationship between health and physical activity. Taking sociodemographic parameters into consideration, the results suggest a positive association between self-estimated general health and several types of physical activity. The results vary with respect to gender and type of physical activity. For methodological reasons, causal conclusions can only be drawn after longitudinal data of the second wave of KiGGS are available.The question of whether physical activity is associated with positive aspects of health becomes increasingly more important in the light of the health status in todays children and adolescents and due to the changing lifestyle with respect to everyday activity. The German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) collected the first set of nationwide representative cross-sectional data to examine the relationship between health and physical activity. Taking sociodemographic parameters into consideration, the results suggest a positive association between self-estimated general health and several types of physical activity. The results vary with respect to gender and type of physical activity. For methodological reasons, causal conclusions can only be drawn after longitudinal data of the second wave of KiGGS are available.

Überblick über primärpräventive Maßnahmen zur Förderung von körperlicher Aktivität in Deutschland

ZusammenfassungDer vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über primärpräventive Maßnahmen zur Förderung der körperlichen Aktivität in Deutschland. Zuerst werden die gesundheitsrelevanten Empfehlungen für körperliche Aktivität vorgestellt, gefolgt von einer kurzen Darstellung der Häufigkeit von körperlicher Aktivität und der diesbezüglichen Einflussfaktoren. Die gegenwärtigen Präventionsmaßnahmen in Deutschland zur Förderung körperlicher Aktivität werden unter Berücksichtigung von Interventionsebenen (Individuum, Setting, Bevölkerung) und Kontextbezug (mit und ohne Einbezug von Rahmenbedingungen) kategorisiert. Anhand einiger Beispiele werden typische Präventionsmaßnahmen vorgestellt. Daran schließt sich eine Einschätzung der aktuellen Präventionslandschaft zur Förderung von körperlicher Aktivität an.AbstractThis article provides an overview of primary prevention measures to promote physical activity. First, health-related recommendations for physical activity are presented together with a brief description of the frequency and determinants of physical activity. Prevention measures in Germany to promote physical activity are categorized taking into account the respective level of intervention (individual, setting, population) and contextual reference (with and without relying on structural conditions). Typical preventive measures to promote physical activity will be presented along with some examples. This is followed by concluding remarks about the current state in the area of preventive measures in Germany for the promotion of physical activity.This article provides an overview of primary prevention measures to promote physical activity. First, health-related recommendations for physical activity are presented together with a brief description of the frequency and determinants of physical activity. Prevention measures in Germany to promote physical activity are categorized taking into account the respective level of intervention (individual, setting, population) and contextual reference (with and without relying on structural conditions). Typical preventive measures to promote physical activity will be presented along with some examples. This is followed by concluding remarks about the current state in the area of preventive measures in Germany for the promotion of physical activity.

Kardiorespiratorische Fitness bei Erwachsenen in Deutschland

A high level of fitness is an indicator for a good health state. Therefore, cardiorespiratory fitness was examined in the cross-sectional German Health Interview Survey for Adults (DEGS1). Data from 3030 test-qualified adults between 18 and 64 years old were assessed by means of a standardized submaximal cycle ergometer test. Test-qualified participants were significantly younger, more often men, less often obese and showed a better health state than those who were not test-qualified. The calculated physical work capacity at 75 % of the age-predicted maximum heart rate (PWC75%) in watts per kg bodyweight was among men 1.52 and among women 1.15. PWC75% declines by 4.2 % per age decade for men and 4.8 % for women. A higher socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with better fitness among women. No significant association was observed between SES and fitness among men. These findings can be used to develop target-group specific health-promotion interventions in order to enhance cardiorespiratory fitness. It is planned to calculate updated PWC reference values based on the DEGS1 data. An English full-text version of this article is available at SpringerLink as supplemental.

Predictors of physical activity among older adults in Germany: a nationwide cohort study

Objectives To investigate individual, interpersonal and environmental baseline factors predicting regular aerobic physical activity (PA) participation among older adults in Germany at follow-up 12 years later. Design Population-based cohort study. Setting Cluster-randomised general population sample selected based on population registry address information from 130 nationally distributed sample points collected from 1997 to 1999 and re-evaluated 12 years later from 2008 to 2011. Participants 1184 adults, aged 65 years or older at follow-up with complete data at baseline and follow-up, were included in the final study sample. Outcome measure Regular ‘aerobic PA ≥1 day/week’ assessed based on self-reported information. Results At follow-up, 53.2% of the participants engaged in aerobic PA ≥1 day/week. Participants aged 50 to 60 years at baseline were more likely to engage in aerobic PA ≥1 day/week than participants aged 61 to 78 years; OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.46 to 2.40. Participants with middle and high socioeconomic status (SES) were more likely to engage in aerobic PA ≥1 day/week than participants with low SES; OR middle SES 2.08, 1.33 to 3.25; high SES 3.44, 2.11 to 5.60. Participants with high social support were more likely to engage in aerobic PA ≥1 day/week at follow-up than participants with low social support; OR 1.98, 1.26 to 3.12. Furthermore, participants who engaged in leisure time PA at least once per week at baseline were more likely to engage in aerobic PA ≥1 day/week at follow-up than those who engaged less than once per week; OR 1.95, 1.46 to 2.60. Conclusions Several influencing factors assessed at baseline predicted regular aerobic PA participation 12 years later. These factors should be considered when planning interventions to prevent physical inactivity in older adults. There is great potential to increase aerobic PA participation in older adults in Germany, in particular among those with low SES and low social support.

[Cardiorespiratory fitness among adults in Germany: results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1)].

A high level of fitness is an indicator for a good health state. Therefore, cardiorespiratory fitness was examined in the cross-sectional German Health Interview Survey for Adults (DEGS1). Data from 3030 test-qualified adults between 18 and 64 years old were assessed by means of a standardized submaximal cycle ergometer test. Test-qualified participants were significantly younger, more often men, less often obese and showed a better health state than those who were not test-qualified. The calculated physical work capacity at 75 % of the age-predicted maximum heart rate (PWC75%) in watts per kg bodyweight was among men 1.52 and among women 1.15. PWC75% declines by 4.2 % per age decade for men and 4.8 % for women. A higher socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with better fitness among women. No significant association was observed between SES and fitness among men. These findings can be used to develop target-group specific health-promotion interventions in order to enhance cardiorespiratory fitness. It is planned to calculate updated PWC reference values based on the DEGS1 data. An English full-text version of this article is available at SpringerLink as supplemental.

Auswirkungen von Nintendo-Wii® Bowling auf Altenheimbewohner

The few studies dealing with the positive effects of health and well-being of older people are only one-sided. The aim of the study therefore was to analyze the effects of Nintendo-Wii® bowling on daily function, state of dementia, quality of life, cognition and motor skills in retirement home inhabitants. The study was performed with 27 study participants (13 women, 14 men) between the ages of 49 and 95 years (mean = 71, SD = 14). They were randomly assigned to a control group (KG) and an intervention group (IG). Between pre- and posttest, the IG played 60 min/twice a week Nintendo-Wii® Bowling over 6 weeks. The improvement of IG was significant in the analysis of variance concerning strength (arm curls: F df = 2 = 7.199; p = 0,013; η(2) = 0,231) and showed a significant trend concerning coordination (tracking lines: F df = 2 = 3.99; p = 0,058; η(2) = 0,154) compared with KG. The area of rapidity (catching bars: F df = 2 = 28.511; p = 0,008; η(2) = 0,279) showed a significant decline in the IG compared with the KG. However, closer examination shows that the short time of intervention and the wide age range could have affected the results. Thus, further studies should take these critical aspects into consideration.

Overview of primary prevention measures to promote physical activity in Germany

ZusammenfassungDer vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über primärpräventive Maßnahmen zur Förderung der körperlichen Aktivität in Deutschland. Zuerst werden die gesundheitsrelevanten Empfehlungen für körperliche Aktivität vorgestellt, gefolgt von einer kurzen Darstellung der Häufigkeit von körperlicher Aktivität und der diesbezüglichen Einflussfaktoren. Die gegenwärtigen Präventionsmaßnahmen in Deutschland zur Förderung körperlicher Aktivität werden unter Berücksichtigung von Interventionsebenen (Individuum, Setting, Bevölkerung) und Kontextbezug (mit und ohne Einbezug von Rahmenbedingungen) kategorisiert. Anhand einiger Beispiele werden typische Präventionsmaßnahmen vorgestellt. Daran schließt sich eine Einschätzung der aktuellen Präventionslandschaft zur Förderung von körperlicher Aktivität an.AbstractThis article provides an overview of primary prevention measures to promote physical activity. First, health-related recommendations for physical activity are presented together with a brief description of the frequency and determinants of physical activity. Prevention measures in Germany to promote physical activity are categorized taking into account the respective level of intervention (individual, setting, population) and contextual reference (with and without relying on structural conditions). Typical preventive measures to promote physical activity will be presented along with some examples. This is followed by concluding remarks about the current state in the area of preventive measures in Germany for the promotion of physical activity.This article provides an overview of primary prevention measures to promote physical activity. First, health-related recommendations for physical activity are presented together with a brief description of the frequency and determinants of physical activity. Prevention measures in Germany to promote physical activity are categorized taking into account the respective level of intervention (individual, setting, population) and contextual reference (with and without relying on structural conditions). Typical preventive measures to promote physical activity will be presented along with some examples. This is followed by concluding remarks about the current state in the area of preventive measures in Germany for the promotion of physical activity.

[Relationship between physical activity and health in children and adolescents. Results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) and the "Motorik-Modul" (MoMo)].

ZusammenfassungAufgrund des zunehmend diskutierten Gesundheitszustandes von Kindern und Jugendlichen sowie der veränderten Bewegungswelt ist die Frage nach der Wirkung körperlicher Aktivität auf Gesundheitsaspekte von großer Bedeutung. Der Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurvey (KiGGS) des Robert Koch-Instituts liefert erstmals bundesweit repräsentative Querschnittdaten zum Zusammenhang zwischen Gesundheit und körperlicher Aktivität. Unter Berücksichtigung soziodemografischer Faktoren legen die Ergebnisse einen positiven Zusammenhang zwischen allgemeinem Gesundheitszustand und verschiedenen Arten der körperlichen Aktivität nahe. Die Ergebnisse variieren dabei hinsichtlich Geschlecht und Art der körperlichen Betätigung. Kausale Rückschlüsse sind aus methodischen Gründen erst nach dem Vorliegen längsschnittlicher Verlaufsdaten und damit nach der zweiten Welle des KiGGS möglich.AbstractThe question of whether physical activity is associated with positive aspects of health becomes increasingly more important in the light of the health status in today’s children and adolescents and due to the changing lifestyle with respect to everyday activity. The German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) collected the first set of nationwide representative cross-sectional data to examine the relationship between health and physical activity. Taking sociodemographic parameters into consideration, the results suggest a positive association between self-estimated general health and several types of physical activity. The results vary with respect to gender and type of physical activity. For methodological reasons, causal conclusions can only be drawn after longitudinal data of the second wave of KiGGS are available.The question of whether physical activity is associated with positive aspects of health becomes increasingly more important in the light of the health status in todays children and adolescents and due to the changing lifestyle with respect to everyday activity. The German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) collected the first set of nationwide representative cross-sectional data to examine the relationship between health and physical activity. Taking sociodemographic parameters into consideration, the results suggest a positive association between self-estimated general health and several types of physical activity. The results vary with respect to gender and type of physical activity. For methodological reasons, causal conclusions can only be drawn after longitudinal data of the second wave of KiGGS are available.

Epidemiologie der körperlichen Aktivität und Inaktivität

Die Epidemiologie korperlicher Aktivitat und Inaktivitat (Bewegungsepidemiologie) ist die Erforschung der korperlichen Aktivitat als Ursache (Exposition) oder Wirkung (Zielvariable) im Spannungsfeld gesundheitlicher Probleme und Ressourcen mit den Methoden der Epidemiologie. Es werden Verteilung und Verbreitung korperlicher Aktivitat in der Bevolkerung, Ursachen fur spezifische Bewegungsverhaltensmuster sowie kausale Zusammenhange zwischen korperlicher Aktivitat und Gesundheitsindikatoren untersucht. Das Kapitel fuhrt kurz in die Terminologie der Epidemiologie ein, beschreibt die Verteilung und Entwicklung korperlicher Aktivitat und Inaktivitat in der bundesdeutschen Bevolkerung sowie auf europaischer und WHO-Ebene und gibt einen kurzen Uberblick uber die gesundheitliche Bedeutung korperlicher Aktivitat und Inaktivitat sowie uber wichtige Determinanten des Bewegungsverhaltens.