Sushim K. Gupta

Multidrug resistant Mannheimia haemolytica isolated from high-risk beef stocker cattle after antimicrobial metaphylaxis and treatment for bovine respiratory disease

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacterial respiratory pathogens in high-risk stocker cattle has been poorly characterized. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of multidrug resistant (MDR; resistance to > 3 antimicrobial classes) respiratory pathogens in 50 conventionally managed stocker cattle over 21 days after arrival. Cattle received tildipirosin metaphylaxis on day 0 and were eligible to receive up to 3 additional antimicrobials for bovine respiratory disease (BRD): florfenicol, ceftiofur and enrofloxacin. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected on days 0, 7, 14, and 21 for bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing using disc diffusion and broth microdilution. Mannheimia haemolytica was isolated from 5 of 48, 27 of 50, 44 of 50, and 40 of 50 cattle on days 0, 7, 14, and 21, respectively. One of 5, 27 of 27, 43 of 44, and 40 of 40 M. haemolytica were MDR on days 0, 7, 14, and 21, respectively. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from 6 of 48 cattle on day 0 and none were MDR; no other pathogens were isolated. Twenty-four cattle required at least one BRD treatment; M. haemolytica was isolated before treatment from 13 of 24 cattle; all were MDR. One hundred-eighteen M. haemolytica isolates were subjected to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE); multiple genotypes were identified. Whole genome sequencing of 33 isolates revealed 14 known AMR genes. Multidrug resistant M. haemolytica can be highly prevalent and genetically diverse in stocker cattle; additional research is necessary to determine factors that influence prevalence and the impact on cattle health.

Draft genome sequences of two ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Kentucky ST198 isolated from retail chicken carcasses in Egypt

OBJECTIVES Salmonella enterica serotypes, particularly antimicrobial-resistant strains, pose a major threat to public health worldwide. This study describes the draft genome sequences of two ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Kentucky isolates (H5 and H18) recovered from chicken carcass rinsates in Mansoura, Egypt. METHODS Antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes were determined for the two Salmonella Kentucky isolates by broth microdilution using a Sensititre™ system. Genomic DNA from both isolates was sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq system. Antimicrobial resistance genes were identified using ARG-ANNOT, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed using MLST 1.8. RESULTS The draft genome for Salmonella Kentucky H5 contained 4.84Mbp in 54 contigs, and that for Salmonella Kentucky isolate H18 contained 4.94Mbp in 64 contigs. Sequence analysis using ARG-ANNOT identified the presence of the resistance genes blaTEM-57, aadA1, aadA2, cmlA1, sul3 and tetA in both isolates, whereas dfrA, sul2, floR, and aph(3)-Ia were found in isolate H18 only. The amino acid substitutions Ser83Phe and Asp87Gly in GyrA and Thr57Ser and Ser80Ile in ParC were detected in both isolates. Both isolates belonged to ST198. CONCLUSION The draft genome sequences allowed identification of a ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella Kentucky ST198 epidemic clone with multidrug resistance in poultry products produced for human consumption in Egypt. These data indicate that poultry continues to be a reservoir for this persistent clone.

Salvia miltiorrhiza: A Medicinal Herb from Metabolites to Pathway Engineering

The dried, red-colored roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Lamiaceae) also called “danshen” in colloquial language in China have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years to treat hypertension and other cardiovascular ailments. The main constituents of danshen are hydrophilic phenolic acids and lipophilic tanshinones. The various uses of danshen in traditional as well as modern medicines have motivated an intensive research on compounds in S. miltiorrhiza. In recent years, more than 110 compounds have been isolated from S. miltiorrhiza and their structure was identified. Tanshinones and their derivatives have been demonstrated to possess properties of slowing down or curing various ailments related to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, respiratory, liver, nervous system, cancer, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s diseases. With the increasing demand of this herb, an unrestricted collection to supply raw materials and the extraction of its constituents have severely threatened the natural habitats of S miltiorrhiza. This has prompted the researchers to develop alternative strategies for metabolite production. Several in vitro methodologies have been established to generate callus, cell suspension culture, hairy roots, and plant regeneration. Different regulators and elicitors for plant growth have been employed to enhance levels of different constituents. The advent of sequencing technologies, whole genome, and expression data has helped to provide insights and identification of pathway genes involved in the biosynthesis. This book chapter gives a brief description of in vitro methodologies, use of different elicitors, gene functions, genetic modifications, expression profiling for a better understanding, and enhancement of the constituents in S. miltiorrhiza.

Draft Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Kiambu Strain CRJJGF_00061 (Phylum Gammaproteobacteria)

ABSTRACT We report a 4.58 Mbp draft genome sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Kiambu strain CRJJGF_00061 isolated from cattle in 2004.

Draft Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Lille Strain CRJJGF_000101 (Phylum Gammaproteobacteria)

ABSTRACT Here, we report a 4.98 Mbp draft genome sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Lille strain CRJJGF_000101, isolated from ground beef in 2007.

Draft Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Putten Strain CRJJGF_00159 (Phylum Gammaproteobacteria)

ABSTRACT Here, we report a 4.90 Mbp draft genome sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Putten strain CRJJGF_00159 isolated from food animal in 2004.

Draft genome sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Bardo strain CRJJGF_00099 (phylum Gammaproteobacteria)

ABSTRACT Here, we report a 4.87-Mbp draft genome sequence of the multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Bardo strain CRJJGF_00099, isolated from dairy cattle in 2005.

Draft Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae Serovar 61:k:1,5,(7) Strain CRJJGF_00165 (Phylum Gammaproteobacteria)

ABSTRACT Here, we report a 4.78-Mb draft genome sequence of the Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae serovar 61:k:1,5,(7) strain CRJJGF_00165 [also called S. enterica subsp. IIIb serovar 61:k:1,5,(7) strain CRJJGF_00165], isolated from ground beef in 2007.

Draft Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Widemarsh Strain CRJJGF_00058 (Phylum Gammaproteobacteria)

ABSTRACT Here, we report a 4.73 Mbp draft genome sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Widemarsh strain CRJJGF_00058, isolated from eggs in 2008.

Draft Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Blockley Strain CRJJGF_00147 (Phylum Gammaproteobacteria).

ABSTRACT Here, we report a 4.72-Mbp draft genome sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Blockley strain CRJJGF_00147, isolated from chicken rinse in 2009.