Susi Soviana

Confirmation of Anopheles peditaeniatus and Anopheles sundaicus as Malaria Vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) in Sungai Nyamuk Village, Sebatik Island North Kalimantan, Indonesia Using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.

Abstract Anopheles mosquitoes may be incriminated as malaria vectors by observing sporozoites in their salivary glands and by testing heads or thoraces by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect Plasmodium species-specific circumsporozoite proteins (CSP). This study tested Anopheles collected in Sungai Nyamuk Village for the presence of both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax CSP. The Anopheles spp. were collected by human landing collection indoors and outdoors and by indoor and outdoor resting catches in Sungai Nyamuk Village, Nunukan District, North Kalimantan Province from August 2010 to January 2012. Overall, 5,100 Anopheles spp. comprising 11 species were collected and 2,259 adult parous females were tested by ELISA. Of these, only one Anopheles peditaeniatus Leicester (3.8%, n = 26) and one Anopheles sundaicus sensu lato (0.6%, n = 157) that originated from outdoor biting catches tested positive for P. falciparum CSP. The remaining females from indoor biting, outdoor resting, and indoor resting catches were negative for P. falciparum and P. vivax proteins. Confirmation of these vectors biting outdoors indicated that P. falciparum transmission may be occurring outside of houses by An. peditaeniatus and An. sundaicus.

Evaluation of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets on An. sundaicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Sebatik Island, North Kalimantan

Long Lasting Insecticide Nets (LLINs) are used in vector control program and the maintenance of LLINs is an important factor to ensure the effectiveness of LLINs. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of LLINs against An. sundaicus and analyze peoples knowledge, attitudes, practices (KAP) regarding LLINs. The research was conducted in the Sungai Nyamuk Village, North Kalimantan. Methods used in the researchwere the WHO Bioassay Cone Test and questionnaires of KAP for the use of LLINs. The efficacy test was carried out on several groups, the treatment groups (bed nets have beenused for six months, 12-23 months and over 24 months) and control group (bed nets without insecticide). The results showed that LLINs used for six months had the highest efficiency with mortality 24 hours of An. sundaicus is 94.13% while LLINs used for 12-23 months and more than 24 months were not effective (mortality is 71.74% and 37.33%) .KAP results showed that all respondents accepted the distribution of LLINs, but not willin gto wash the LLINs. The effectiveness of LLINs is correlated with washing the nets. The use of LLINs to prevent malaria transmission will be effective if supported by a good maintenance. Kelambu berinsektisida digunakan dalam program pengendalian vektor malaria. Pemeliharaan kelambu berinsektisida merupakan faktor penting untuk menjamin efektivitas kelambu tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kelambu berinsektisida terhadap nyamuk An. sundaicus dan menganalisis pengetahuan, sikap,perilaku masyarakat terhadap kelambu tersebut. Penelitian dilaksanakan di DesaSungai Nyamuk, Kabupaten Nunukan-Kalimantan Utara. Metode yang digunakandalam penelitian ini adalah WHO Bioassay Cone Test dan kuesioner pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku (knowledge, attitute, practices-KAP) terhadap penggunaan kelambu berinsektisida. Pengujian efikasi kelambu berinsektisida dilakukan terhadapkelompok perlakuan (enam bulan, 12-23 bulan dan lebih dari 24 bulan pemakaian) dan kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelambu berinsektisida yang telah digunakan selama enam bulan mempunyai efektivitas yang paling tinggi (94,13%). Kelambu yang telah digunakan 12-23 bulan, dan lebih dari 24 bulan menunjukkan tidak efektif karena kematian nyamuk uji adalah 71,74% dan 37,33%. Hasil studi KAP menunjukkan sikap 100% setuju untuk menerima pembagian kelambu berinsektisida, tetapi tidak bersedia mencuci kelambu tersebut. Efektivitas kelambu berinsektisida berkorelasi dengan pencucian kelambu. Penggunaan kelambu berinsektisida akan efektif mencegah penularan malaria bila didukung oleh perawatan yang baik terhadap kelambu berinsektisida tersebut.

Studi Efikasi dan Perilaku Masyarakat dalam Penggunaan Kelambu Berinsektisida di Desa Sungai Nyamuk, Pulau Sebatik, Kalimantan Utara

In an attempt to eliminate malaria, government tries to control the vector of the disease through the distribution of Long Lasting Insecticide nets. In the process of use, users of this type of mosquito net need to do maintenance to ensure its effectiveness. This study aim to analyze the effectiveness of insecticide treated mosquito net against Anopheles sp. and knowing the knowledge, attitude, behavior of the community on the use and maintenance of the LLiNs. The research was conducted in Sungai Nyamuk Village, Sebatik Sub-district, Nunukan District, North Kalimantan with cross-sectional design. Data on the effectiveness of mosquito nets were obtained by performing Bioassay Cone Test (efficacy test) on insecticide and non-insecticide treated nets in households that have been using mosquito nets for more than 6 months. The communitys Knowledge, Attitude, and Practise data were obtained by interviewing selected respondents using questionnaires. Processing and data analysing was done univariat and bivariat. The results showed that the most effective mosquito insecticide was the mosquito net that had been used for 6 months. The bed nets that had been used for 12-24 months had started to be less effective. All respondents (100%) agreed with the distribution of insecticide nets, but only 87% said they were willing to use it. All respondents (100%) did the installation of mosquito nets correctly, and had never washed the mosquito net. Can be concluded that insecticidal nets that have been used for more than 12 months have begun to be ineffective in controlling the vector of Anopheles sp. mosquito. Almost all respondents did not treat/wash the insecticide treated mosquito nets. In order to eliminate malaria in Sungai Nyamuk village there need to be an increase of active community participation (netting treatment) in the effort of vector control (Anopheles sp.).

Bionomics of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) in a malaria endemic region of Sungai Nyamuk village, Sebatik Island – North Kalimantan, Indonesia

The bionomics of Anopheles was investigated in coastal Sungai Nyamuk Village, Nunukan District, North Kalimantan Province from August 2010 to January 2012. Mosquitoes were captured using human landing collections. A total of 5103 Anopheles mosquitoes comprising 11 species were caught and 2259 adult parous females were tested by ELISA for Plasmodium antigen. Anopheles vagus, An. sundaicus and An. subpictus were the most abundant species caught. Overall, Anopheles vagus were zoophilic and exophagic, but there was variation between species. Anopheles sundaicus and An. subpictus were anthropophilic and endophagic. Anopheles peditaeniatus and An. sundaicus collected biting humans outdoors were positive for P. falciparum protein and were incriminated as the likely vectors of malaria in Sungai Nyamuk Village. This research also showed that malaria transmission in Sungai Nyamuk Village occurred outdoors. Residual house spraying therefore would not protect the human population from vector contact, so that combination use of long lasting nets and personel protection is needed.

Karakteristik Habitat dan Keberadaan Larva Aedes spp. pada Wilayah Kasus Demam Berdarah Dengue Tertinggi dan Terendah di Kota Tasikmalaya

Abstract . Mansonia is the one of mosquitoes that can transmit filariasis in Indonesia. The research was conducted to determine diversity of Mansonia in Gulinggang Village Balangan District South Kalimantan Province and the role of reservoir on transmitting filariasis. The research was conducted in January until Mei 2015 with cross sectional data collection. Adult mosquitoes were collected by Bare Leg Collection method on three houses, which have patients with positive filaria. Adult mosquitoes collecting were done in indoor and outdoor start from 18.00‐06.00. Blood sampling were done on cats that maintenance by the origin people to observe of microfilaria. The result showed there were five species of Mansonia i.e. Ma. uniformis, Ma. dives, Ma. annulifera, Ma. annulata, and Ma. bonneae. Ma. uniformis was the most collected mosquitoes indoor biting (37.99%), and Ma. dives was the most outdoor biting (56.80%). The biting activity of Ma. uniformis was peak indoors at 18:00–18:45 and outdoor at 20:00–20:45. The biting activity of Ma. dives was peak outdoor at 19:00‐19:45. Eight from ten (80%) domestic cats were positive of microfilaria. Based on the result, it was conclude that filariasis in Gulinggang village was supported by the existence of domestic cat and the vectors. Keywords : filariasis, Mansonia, reservoar, microfilaria, Gulinggang Village Abstrak . Mansonia merupakan satu di antara genus nyamuk yang berperan dalam penularan filariasis di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman jenis nyamuk Mansonia dan peranan reservoar dalam penularan filariasis di Desa Gulinggang Kabupaten Balangan Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Penelitian survei dilakukan di Desa Gulinggang yang merupakan desa endemik filariasis yaitu pada bulan Januari sampai dengan Mei 2015 dengan pengumpulan data secara cross sectional. Penelitian menggunakan 3 rumah yang terdapat penderita filariasis. Penangkapan nyamuk dilakukan dengan metode Bare Leg Collection. Penangkapan dilakukan di dalam dan di luar rumah dari pukul 18:00‐06:00. Pengambilan darah dilakukan pada kucing domestik peliharaan penduduk setempat untuk dilakukan pemeriksaan mikrofilaria. Hasil penelitian didapatkan lima spesies nyamuk yaitu Ma. uniformis, Ma. dives, Ma. annulifera, Ma. annulata, dan Ma. bonneae. Ma. uniformis merupakan nyamuk yang paling banyak tertangkap di dalam rumah yaitu sebesar 37.99% sedangkan nyamuk Ma. dives banyak tertangkap di luar rumah yaitu sebesar 56.80%. Puncak kepadatan nyamuk Ma.uniformis ini mengisap darah orang di dalam rumah terjadi pada pukul 18:00–18:45, sedangkan di luar rumah pada pukul 20:00–20:45. Ma. dives memiliki puncak kepadatan pada pukul 19:00‐19:45. Sebanyak 10 ekor kucing yang diperiksa darah, menunjukkan 8 ekor terdapat mikrofilaria. Dari data ini menunjukkan bahwa kejadian filariasis di Desa Gulinggang selain terdapat nyamuk sebagai vektornya juga kucing juga berperan sebagai reservoarnya. Kata Kunci : filariasis, Mansonia, reservoar, mikrofilaria, Desa Gulinggang

Determinasi Strain Aedes aegypti (Linn.) yang Rentan Homozigot dengan Metode Seleksi Indukan Tunggal

Abstract . Mansonia is the one of mosquitoes that can transmit filariasis in Indonesia. The research was conducted to determine diversity of Mansonia in Gulinggang Village Balangan District South Kalimantan Province and the role of reservoir on transmitting filariasis. The research was conducted in January until Mei 2015 with cross sectional data collection. Adult mosquitoes were collected by Bare Leg Collection method on three houses, which have patients with positive filaria. Adult mosquitoes collecting were done in indoor and outdoor start from 18.00‐06.00. Blood sampling were done on cats that maintenance by the origin people to observe of microfilaria. The result showed there were five species of Mansonia i.e. Ma. uniformis, Ma. dives, Ma. annulifera, Ma. annulata, and Ma. bonneae. Ma. uniformis was the most collected mosquitoes indoor biting (37.99%), and Ma. dives was the most outdoor biting (56.80%). The biting activity of Ma. uniformis was peak indoors at 18:00–18:45 and outdoor at 20:00–20:45. The biting activity of Ma. dives was peak outdoor at 19:00‐19:45. Eight from ten (80%) domestic cats were positive of microfilaria. Based on the result, it was conclude that filariasis in Gulinggang village was supported by the existence of domestic cat and the vectors. Keywords : filariasis, Mansonia, reservoar, microfilaria, Gulinggang Village Abstrak . Mansonia merupakan satu di antara genus nyamuk yang berperan dalam penularan filariasis di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman jenis nyamuk Mansonia dan peranan reservoar dalam penularan filariasis di Desa Gulinggang Kabupaten Balangan Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Penelitian survei dilakukan di Desa Gulinggang yang merupakan desa endemik filariasis yaitu pada bulan Januari sampai dengan Mei 2015 dengan pengumpulan data secara cross sectional. Penelitian menggunakan 3 rumah yang terdapat penderita filariasis. Penangkapan nyamuk dilakukan dengan metode Bare Leg Collection. Penangkapan dilakukan di dalam dan di luar rumah dari pukul 18:00‐06:00. Pengambilan darah dilakukan pada kucing domestik peliharaan penduduk setempat untuk dilakukan pemeriksaan mikrofilaria. Hasil penelitian didapatkan lima spesies nyamuk yaitu Ma. uniformis, Ma. dives, Ma. annulifera, Ma. annulata, dan Ma. bonneae. Ma. uniformis merupakan nyamuk yang paling banyak tertangkap di dalam rumah yaitu sebesar 37.99% sedangkan nyamuk Ma. dives banyak tertangkap di luar rumah yaitu sebesar 56.80%. Puncak kepadatan nyamuk Ma.uniformis ini mengisap darah orang di dalam rumah terjadi pada pukul 18:00–18:45, sedangkan di luar rumah pada pukul 20:00–20:45. Ma. dives memiliki puncak kepadatan pada pukul 19:00‐19:45. Sebanyak 10 ekor kucing yang diperiksa darah, menunjukkan 8 ekor terdapat mikrofilaria. Dari data ini menunjukkan bahwa kejadian filariasis di Desa Gulinggang selain terdapat nyamuk sebagai vektornya juga kucing juga berperan sebagai reservoarnya. Kata Kunci : filariasis, Mansonia, reservoar, mikrofilaria, Desa Gulinggang

FAKTOR ENTOMOLOGI TERHADAP KEBERADAAN JENTIK Aedes sp. PADA KASUS DBD TERTINGGI DAN TERENDAH DI KOTA BOGOR

Demam berdarah dengue (DBD) merupakan salah satu penyakit yang menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat. Kasus DBD di Kota Bogor tahun 2015 yang tertinggi berada di Kelurahan Baranangsiang 62 kasus dan terendah di Kelurahan Bojongkerta 0 kasus. Jenis penelitian ini observasi deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional study. Sampel 100 rumah di Baranangsiang dan 100 rumah di Bojongkerta. Tujuan penelitian untuk menentukan kepadatan populasi jentik, mengidentifikasi spesies jentik Aedes sp. dan karakteristik habitat terhadap keberadaan jentik pada kasus DBD tertinggi dan terendah di Kota Bogor. Berdasarkan perhitungan House index, Breteau index, Container index dan Density figure di Baranangsiang (CI:17,4%; HI:33%; BI:42%, DF:5) dan di Bojongkerta (CI:23,2%; HI:42%; BI:54%; DF:6). Hasil analisis dengan binary logistic regression hanya faktor tidak dikuras (sig=0,000;OR=116,44) yang berpengaruh dan berisiko 116,44 kali terhadap keberadaan jentik di Baranangsiang, sedangkan di Bojongkerta faktor jenis (sig=0,000;OR=12,32), letak (sig=0,001;OR=0,25) serta bahan kontainer (0,000;OR=0,24) yang paling berpengaruh (jenis TPA berisiko 12,32 kali, letak di dalam rumah berisiko 0,21 kali, bahan semen/karet/tanah berisiko 0,24 kali) terhadap keberadaan jentik. Kesimpulan penelitian di Baranangsiang mempunyai risiko penularan DBD pada tingkat sedang dan di Bojongkerta mempunyai risiko penularan DBD pada tingkat tinggi berdasarkan kepadatan vektornya.

Karakteristik Habitat Larva Anopheles spp. di Desa Sungai Nyamuk, Daerah Endemik Malaria di Kabupaten Nunukan, Kalimantan Utara

A research about Habitat Characteristics of Anopheles spp. larvae was done in Sungai Nyamuk Village, Nunukan District, North Kalimantan Province from August 2010 to January 2012. This research aims to analyse the characteristics of breeding places of Anopheles spp. The larvae taken from various types of habitat with detention and maintained until it was developed into mosquitoes, then later identified. The results showed that there are four types of potential breeding places of Anopheles spp. ie lagoon, ditches, fish ponds and marshes. Anopheles types that are found consist of five species, namely An. vagus, An. subpictus, An. sundaicus, An. indefinitus dan An. peditaeniatus . Types of potential breeding places are dominated by the unused fish pond, with the substrate in the form of mud and water is not flowing, located around settlements surrounded by grasses, shrubs and trees. Breeding places contains of aquatic plants such as grasses and moss. Predators are found in the form of a dragonfly nymph, crustaceans, tadpoles and small fish. Early malaria vector control at the level of the larvae is a critical point of the success of malaria elimination programs in endemic areas.

Prevalence of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Indonesian Dogs

The brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) is the most common ectoparasites of dog in the world. The study of ticks infestation and tick-borne diseases on the dog is necessary, because this information still limited in Indonesia. Ticks and dog blood test sampling were done at Animal Police Directorate Security Agency (Baharkam) and Atang Sendjaja Air Force (ATS). In addition, ticks and cases on ticks infestation data were obtained from 21 veterinary clinics in Bogor, Jakarta and Bandung. All ticks samples were preserved in bottles containing 70% alcohol for identification, and dog blood tests performed for Ehrlichiosis, Babesiosis and Anaplasmosis diagnosis. This research was done in March to December 2013. The results showed that all ticks samples collected from Baharkam dogs, ATS dogs and Veterinary Clinics in Bogor, Jakarta and Bandung were identified as one species, i.e., Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The prevalence of dogs infested by ticks were 67.90% in Baharkam 100% in ATS, and the prevalence in 21 Veterinary Clinic in Jakarta, Bogor, and Bandung from 2008-2013 tend to be increased every year. The tick predilections in Baharkam dogs distributed on the back regio (35.0%), the head, ears and neck (29.0%), the legs and the interdigital spaces (14.5%), the abdomen (10.9%) and the tail (10.9%). The tick larvae were found not only in the kennel but also on the grass field of Baharkam which often use for the training of police dogs. These places can be a source of transmission of tick infestation among dogs. The purebred and male dogs in Bogor, Jakarta and Bandung were more infested than the crossbred, local and female dogs. The prevalence of Ehrlichiosis on Baharkam dog was 12%, and 40% from ATS dogs. The results of blood smear examination on Baharkam dogs showed positive Babesia (8%) and Anaplasma (16%). There was no relationship between the degree of tick infestations to E. canis, Babesia and Anaplasma infections (p>0.05).

Epidemiology of Japanese–B– encephalitis infection in pigs in Riau and North Sumatera Provinces

Epidemiology study on Japanese-B-Encephalitis (JE) was conducted in Riau and North Sumatera Provinces. A total of 190 pig sera from Riau Province and 164 pig sera from North Sumatera were tested using competitive ELISA (C-ELISA) to detect antibodies against JE virus. Insect collection was also conducted using several methods near pig farms in those provinces and identified into species to gain more information on its role to distribute JE infection. Serological results indicated that 70% pig in Sumatera and 94% pig in Riau had antibodies against JE virus. The highest prevalence of reaktor was detected in pig of more than 4 months age in both Provinces. The results of insect collection showed that Culex tritaeniorchynchus and Culex quinquefasciatus were the most dominant species in both provinces. Based on serological testing, indicated that JE virus infected pig in Sumatera and Riau Provinces, and higher reactor was obtained in older pig. Culex tritaeniorchynchus and Culex quinquefasciatus were the dominant insect species in both provinces, hence those species had a possibility to play an important role of JE transmission. Key words: JE, pigs, serology, insects