Upik Kesumawati Hadi

Cytogenetic and Molecular Evidence of Additional Cryptic Diversity in High Elevation Black fly Simulium feuerborni (Diptera: Simuliidae) Populations in Southeast Asia

ABSTRACT Simulium feuerborni Edwards is geographically widespread in Southeast Asia. Previous cytogenetic study in Thailand revealed that this species is a species complex composed of two cytoforms (A and B). In this study, we cytologically examined specimens obtained from the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia, and Puncak, Java, Indonesia. The results revealed two additional cytoforms (C and D) of S. feuerborni. Specimens from Malaysia represent cytoform C, differentiated from other cytoforms by a fixed chromosome inversion on the long arm of chromosome III (IIIL-5). High frequencies of the B chromosome (33–83%) were also observed in this cytoform. Specimens from Indonesia represent the cytoform D. This cytoform is differentiated from others by a fixed chromosome inversion difference on the long arm of chromosome II (IIL-4). Mitochondrial DNA sequences support genetic differentiation among cytoforms A, B, and C. The pairwise FST values among these cytoforms were highly significantly consistent with the divergent lineages of the cytoforms in a median-joining haplotype network. However, a lack of the sympatric populations prevented us from testing the species status of the cytoforms.

Three Taxa in One: Cryptic Diversity in the Black Fly Simulium nobile (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Southeast Asia

Abstract We access the molecular diversity of the black fly Simulium nobile De Mejiere, using the universal cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcoding gene, across its distributional range in Southeast Asia. Our phylogenetic analyses recovered three well-supported mitochondrial lineages of S. nobile, suggesting the presence of cryptic species. Lineage A is composed of a population from Sabah, East Malaysia (Borneo); lineage B represents the type population from Java, Indonesia; and lineage C includes populations from the mainland of Southeast Asia (Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand). The genetic variation of lineage C on the mainland is greater than that of lineages A and B on the islands of Borneo and Java. Our study highlights the value of a molecular approach in assessing species status of simuliids in geographically distinct regions.

Contrasting evolutionary patterns between two haplogroups of Haematobia exigua (Diptera: Muscidae) from the mainland and islands of Southeast Asia

Uncovering the hidden diversity and evolutionary history of arthropods of medico-veterinary importance could have significant implications for vector-borne disease control and epidemiological intervention. The buffalo fly Haematobia exigua is an obligate bloodsucking ectoparasite of livestock. As an initial step towards understanding its population structures and biogeographic patterns, we characterized partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b (Cytb) sequences of H. exigua from three distinct geographic regions in Southeast Asia. We detected two distinct mitochondrial haplogroups of H. exigua in our surveyed geographic regions. Haplogroup I is widespread in the Southeast Asian mainland whereas haplogroup II is generally restricted to the type population Java Island. Both haplogroups were detected co-occurring on Borneo Island. Additionally, both haplogroups have undergone contrasting evolutionary histories, with haplogroup I exhibited a high level of mitochondrial diversity indicating a population expansion during the Pleistocene era dating back to 98,000 years ago. However, haplogroup II presented a low level of mitochondrial diversity which argues against the hypothesis of recent demographic expansion.

Confirmation of Anopheles peditaeniatus and Anopheles sundaicus as Malaria Vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) in Sungai Nyamuk Village, Sebatik Island North Kalimantan, Indonesia Using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.

Abstract Anopheles mosquitoes may be incriminated as malaria vectors by observing sporozoites in their salivary glands and by testing heads or thoraces by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect Plasmodium species-specific circumsporozoite proteins (CSP). This study tested Anopheles collected in Sungai Nyamuk Village for the presence of both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax CSP. The Anopheles spp. were collected by human landing collection indoors and outdoors and by indoor and outdoor resting catches in Sungai Nyamuk Village, Nunukan District, North Kalimantan Province from August 2010 to January 2012. Overall, 5,100 Anopheles spp. comprising 11 species were collected and 2,259 adult parous females were tested by ELISA. Of these, only one Anopheles peditaeniatus Leicester (3.8%, n = 26) and one Anopheles sundaicus sensu lato (0.6%, n = 157) that originated from outdoor biting catches tested positive for P. falciparum CSP. The remaining females from indoor biting, outdoor resting, and indoor resting catches were negative for P. falciparum and P. vivax proteins. Confirmation of these vectors biting outdoors indicated that P. falciparum transmission may be occurring outside of houses by An. peditaeniatus and An. sundaicus.

The Biodiversity of Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Indonesia

Indonesia is one of the megadiversity country in the world endowed with rich and unique biodiversity insects such as blackflies species (Diptera: Simuliidae). Blackflies are found almost anywhere with running water suitable as habitat for the immature stages. This family is one of the most important groups of blood-sucking insects. This study collates the records of Simulium (Diptera: Simuliidae) in previous publications related fauna of Indonesia. Based on the results of this study, there were 124 species of blackflies in Indonesian Archipelago. All species are assigned to the genus Simulium Latreille s.l., and are placed into five subgenera, i.e. Gomphostilbia Enderlein, Morops Enderlein, Nevermannia Enderlein, Simulium Latreille s.str. and Wallacellum Takaoka. Further classification into 27 species groups within the subgenera were also made. Checklists of Indonesian Simuliidae are provided including data on the distribution of each species.

Analisis Pengendalian Malaria Di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Dan Rencana Strategis Untuk Mencapai Eliminasi Malaria

Abstract East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) Province is the largest contributor for malaria positive cases in Indonesia in 2014 after Papua. This study aims to analyze the malaria situation in NTT, subsequently taken into consideration for the preparation of a strategic plan to achieve the elimination of malaria in the region. Malaria case data, figures on SPR (Slide Positivity Rate), the rate of API (Annual Parasite Incidence), and Plasmodium species derived from the entire districts and cities of the NTT province. Data were collected from 2009 - 2014. The data were analyzed qualitatively or descriptive analysis. The results showed the current number of API malaria in NTT has tended to decline from 27.86 per 1000 population in 2009 to 12.81 per 1000 population in 2014. This decrease was also seen in figures of the SPR in 2009 decreased from 40.98 % to 20.09 % in 2014. Based on data from malaria per district, as many as five districts / cities (i.e. Manggarai, TTU, Kupang, East Manggarai and Ngada) showed already reached the stage of pre-elimination (SPR <5%). In addition, as many as 3 districts / cities (i.e. Manggarai, East Manggarai and Kupang) has reached the stage of elimination (API <1 per 1000 population). Target of malaria elimination in NTT (2030) can be achieved when the discovery of malaria cases, such as the enhanced efforts in intensification and extension, followed by improvement of malaria case management and vector control. Keywords: Malaria, elimination, case management, vector control, East Nusa Tenggara Abstrak Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) termasuk daerah malaria penyumbang terbanyak kasus positif malaria di Indonesia pada tahun 2014 setelah Papua. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis situasi malaria di Provinsi NTT, selanjutnya menjadi bahan pertimbangan untuk penyusunan rencana strategis dalam tercapainya eliminasi malaria di wilayah ini. Data kasus malaria, angka SPR ( Slide Positivity Rate ), angka API ( Annual Parasite Incidence ), jenis Plasmodium dan lainnya diperoleh dari seluruh kabupaten/kota di Provinsi NTT. Data dikumpulkan dari tahun 2009-2014. Analisis data dilakukan secara kualitatif atau deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan saat ini angka API malaria di Provinsi NTT sudah cenderung menurun dari 27,86 per 1000 penduduk pada tahun 2009 menjadi 12,81 per 1000 penduduk pada tahun 2014. Penurunan ini juga terlihat pada angka SPR pada tahun 2009 menurun dari 40,98% menjadi 20,09% pada tahun 2014. Berdasarkan data malaria per kabupaten, sebanyak 5 kabupaten/kota (yaitu Manggarai, Timor Tengah Utara, Kupang, Ngada dan Manggarai Timur) menunjukkan sudah mencapai tahap pre eliminasi (SPR < 5%). Selain itu, sebanyak 3 kabupaten/kota (yaitu Manggarai, Manggarai Timur dan Kupang) sudah mencapai tahap eliminasi (API < 1 per 1000 penduduk). Target eliminasi malaria di NTT (2030) dapat dicapai apabila penemuan kasus malaria, seperti upaya intensifikasi dan ekstensifikasi ditingkatkan, diikuti dengan perbaikan penatalaksanaan kasus, dan pengendalian vektor. Kata Kunci: Malaria, eliminasi, penatalaksanaan kasus, pengendalian vektor, Nusa Tenggara Timur upikke@ipb.ac.id

Evaluation of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets on An. sundaicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Sebatik Island, North Kalimantan

Long Lasting Insecticide Nets (LLINs) are used in vector control program and the maintenance of LLINs is an important factor to ensure the effectiveness of LLINs. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of LLINs against An. sundaicus and analyze peoples knowledge, attitudes, practices (KAP) regarding LLINs. The research was conducted in the Sungai Nyamuk Village, North Kalimantan. Methods used in the researchwere the WHO Bioassay Cone Test and questionnaires of KAP for the use of LLINs. The efficacy test was carried out on several groups, the treatment groups (bed nets have beenused for six months, 12-23 months and over 24 months) and control group (bed nets without insecticide). The results showed that LLINs used for six months had the highest efficiency with mortality 24 hours of An. sundaicus is 94.13% while LLINs used for 12-23 months and more than 24 months were not effective (mortality is 71.74% and 37.33%) .KAP results showed that all respondents accepted the distribution of LLINs, but not willin gto wash the LLINs. The effectiveness of LLINs is correlated with washing the nets. The use of LLINs to prevent malaria transmission will be effective if supported by a good maintenance. Kelambu berinsektisida digunakan dalam program pengendalian vektor malaria. Pemeliharaan kelambu berinsektisida merupakan faktor penting untuk menjamin efektivitas kelambu tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kelambu berinsektisida terhadap nyamuk An. sundaicus dan menganalisis pengetahuan, sikap,perilaku masyarakat terhadap kelambu tersebut. Penelitian dilaksanakan di DesaSungai Nyamuk, Kabupaten Nunukan-Kalimantan Utara. Metode yang digunakandalam penelitian ini adalah WHO Bioassay Cone Test dan kuesioner pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku (knowledge, attitute, practices-KAP) terhadap penggunaan kelambu berinsektisida. Pengujian efikasi kelambu berinsektisida dilakukan terhadapkelompok perlakuan (enam bulan, 12-23 bulan dan lebih dari 24 bulan pemakaian) dan kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelambu berinsektisida yang telah digunakan selama enam bulan mempunyai efektivitas yang paling tinggi (94,13%). Kelambu yang telah digunakan 12-23 bulan, dan lebih dari 24 bulan menunjukkan tidak efektif karena kematian nyamuk uji adalah 71,74% dan 37,33%. Hasil studi KAP menunjukkan sikap 100% setuju untuk menerima pembagian kelambu berinsektisida, tetapi tidak bersedia mencuci kelambu tersebut. Efektivitas kelambu berinsektisida berkorelasi dengan pencucian kelambu. Penggunaan kelambu berinsektisida akan efektif mencegah penularan malaria bila didukung oleh perawatan yang baik terhadap kelambu berinsektisida tersebut.

Studi Efikasi dan Perilaku Masyarakat dalam Penggunaan Kelambu Berinsektisida di Desa Sungai Nyamuk, Pulau Sebatik, Kalimantan Utara

In an attempt to eliminate malaria, government tries to control the vector of the disease through the distribution of Long Lasting Insecticide nets. In the process of use, users of this type of mosquito net need to do maintenance to ensure its effectiveness. This study aim to analyze the effectiveness of insecticide treated mosquito net against Anopheles sp. and knowing the knowledge, attitude, behavior of the community on the use and maintenance of the LLiNs. The research was conducted in Sungai Nyamuk Village, Sebatik Sub-district, Nunukan District, North Kalimantan with cross-sectional design. Data on the effectiveness of mosquito nets were obtained by performing Bioassay Cone Test (efficacy test) on insecticide and non-insecticide treated nets in households that have been using mosquito nets for more than 6 months. The communitys Knowledge, Attitude, and Practise data were obtained by interviewing selected respondents using questionnaires. Processing and data analysing was done univariat and bivariat. The results showed that the most effective mosquito insecticide was the mosquito net that had been used for 6 months. The bed nets that had been used for 12-24 months had started to be less effective. All respondents (100%) agreed with the distribution of insecticide nets, but only 87% said they were willing to use it. All respondents (100%) did the installation of mosquito nets correctly, and had never washed the mosquito net. Can be concluded that insecticidal nets that have been used for more than 12 months have begun to be ineffective in controlling the vector of Anopheles sp. mosquito. Almost all respondents did not treat/wash the insecticide treated mosquito nets. In order to eliminate malaria in Sungai Nyamuk village there need to be an increase of active community participation (netting treatment) in the effort of vector control (Anopheles sp.).

Bionomics of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) in a malaria endemic region of Sungai Nyamuk village, Sebatik Island – North Kalimantan, Indonesia

The bionomics of Anopheles was investigated in coastal Sungai Nyamuk Village, Nunukan District, North Kalimantan Province from August 2010 to January 2012. Mosquitoes were captured using human landing collections. A total of 5103 Anopheles mosquitoes comprising 11 species were caught and 2259 adult parous females were tested by ELISA for Plasmodium antigen. Anopheles vagus, An. sundaicus and An. subpictus were the most abundant species caught. Overall, Anopheles vagus were zoophilic and exophagic, but there was variation between species. Anopheles sundaicus and An. subpictus were anthropophilic and endophagic. Anopheles peditaeniatus and An. sundaicus collected biting humans outdoors were positive for P. falciparum protein and were incriminated as the likely vectors of malaria in Sungai Nyamuk Village. This research also showed that malaria transmission in Sungai Nyamuk Village occurred outdoors. Residual house spraying therefore would not protect the human population from vector contact, so that combination use of long lasting nets and personel protection is needed.

Karakteristik Habitat dan Keberadaan Larva Aedes spp. pada Wilayah Kasus Demam Berdarah Dengue Tertinggi dan Terendah di Kota Tasikmalaya

Abstract . Mansonia is the one of mosquitoes that can transmit filariasis in Indonesia. The research was conducted to determine diversity of Mansonia in Gulinggang Village Balangan District South Kalimantan Province and the role of reservoir on transmitting filariasis. The research was conducted in January until Mei 2015 with cross sectional data collection. Adult mosquitoes were collected by Bare Leg Collection method on three houses, which have patients with positive filaria. Adult mosquitoes collecting were done in indoor and outdoor start from 18.00‐06.00. Blood sampling were done on cats that maintenance by the origin people to observe of microfilaria. The result showed there were five species of Mansonia i.e. Ma. uniformis, Ma. dives, Ma. annulifera, Ma. annulata, and Ma. bonneae. Ma. uniformis was the most collected mosquitoes indoor biting (37.99%), and Ma. dives was the most outdoor biting (56.80%). The biting activity of Ma. uniformis was peak indoors at 18:00–18:45 and outdoor at 20:00–20:45. The biting activity of Ma. dives was peak outdoor at 19:00‐19:45. Eight from ten (80%) domestic cats were positive of microfilaria. Based on the result, it was conclude that filariasis in Gulinggang village was supported by the existence of domestic cat and the vectors. Keywords : filariasis, Mansonia, reservoar, microfilaria, Gulinggang Village Abstrak . Mansonia merupakan satu di antara genus nyamuk yang berperan dalam penularan filariasis di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman jenis nyamuk Mansonia dan peranan reservoar dalam penularan filariasis di Desa Gulinggang Kabupaten Balangan Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Penelitian survei dilakukan di Desa Gulinggang yang merupakan desa endemik filariasis yaitu pada bulan Januari sampai dengan Mei 2015 dengan pengumpulan data secara cross sectional. Penelitian menggunakan 3 rumah yang terdapat penderita filariasis. Penangkapan nyamuk dilakukan dengan metode Bare Leg Collection. Penangkapan dilakukan di dalam dan di luar rumah dari pukul 18:00‐06:00. Pengambilan darah dilakukan pada kucing domestik peliharaan penduduk setempat untuk dilakukan pemeriksaan mikrofilaria. Hasil penelitian didapatkan lima spesies nyamuk yaitu Ma. uniformis, Ma. dives, Ma. annulifera, Ma. annulata, dan Ma. bonneae. Ma. uniformis merupakan nyamuk yang paling banyak tertangkap di dalam rumah yaitu sebesar 37.99% sedangkan nyamuk Ma. dives banyak tertangkap di luar rumah yaitu sebesar 56.80%. Puncak kepadatan nyamuk Ma.uniformis ini mengisap darah orang di dalam rumah terjadi pada pukul 18:00–18:45, sedangkan di luar rumah pada pukul 20:00–20:45. Ma. dives memiliki puncak kepadatan pada pukul 19:00‐19:45. Sebanyak 10 ekor kucing yang diperiksa darah, menunjukkan 8 ekor terdapat mikrofilaria. Dari data ini menunjukkan bahwa kejadian filariasis di Desa Gulinggang selain terdapat nyamuk sebagai vektornya juga kucing juga berperan sebagai reservoarnya. Kata Kunci : filariasis, Mansonia, reservoar, mikrofilaria, Desa Gulinggang