Susilowati Herman

PERBEDAAN KADAR ZAT BESI ASI PADA IBU MENYUSUI ANEMIA DAN TIDAK ANEMIA

Background: National House Hold Survey reported in 2001, that prevalence of anemia among infants 0-6 month old is 61%. Anemia among young infants presumably is caused by lack of breast milk iron since young infants got their nutrient mostly from breast milk. Objectives: The objective of the study is to assess the differences of breast milk iron concentration between anemic and non anemic of lactating mothers. Methods: The design of the study is cross-sectional. The study was done in Bogor District from April to December 2004. Samples of the study were lactating mothers who have 2-4 month old children. Results: The study found out that 34% samples had anemia. There was a significant difference (pl0.05), feritin concentration (33.24 µg/dl vs 67.86 µg/dl), and breast milk iron concentration (0.15 mg/l vs 0.28 mg/l) between anemic and non anemic samples. Conclusions: The concentration of feritin, breast milk iron of the non-anemic samples were higher than the anemic samples. [Penel Gizi Makan 2007, 30(1): 8-12]

ENERGI EXPENDITURE PADA LANSIA

ENERGY EXPENDITURE OF ELDERLY PEOPLE. Background: Physical activity is a factor to estimate the energy requirement. The elderly tend to reduce their activities which influence their energy requirement. Now aday the energy need for elderly is extrapolated from the adult. Energy expenditure based on their daily activities Is a method to estimate the energy requirement. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to assess energy expenditure of elderly people based on the daily physical activities. Methods: The study was conducted in 2 sub-sub districts of Bogar Country. A total of 92 elderly (42 men and 50 women) were included in this study. The inclusion criteria were BMI 18.5- 25.0, physically and hematologically healthy and agree to participate in this study. Physical activities data were collected 3 days respectively using method record and recall and energy intakes using 3 day food record by weighing. Results: The average age was 67.5 ± 5,1 years for male elderly and 65.4 ± 3.9 years of female elderly. Recreational activities (reading, watching TV, sitting) were the most activities done by male elderly (34.9% of the day) while female elderly 34.8% of the day were spent for sleeping activity. The highest energy expenditure of male elderly was contributed from reactional activities (570.3 ± 187.8) Kcal/day while female elderly the highest energy expenditure was contributed from household work activities. The average energy expenditure for male elderly was 1870.2 ± 261.2 Kcal/day or 34.4 Kcal/Body weight/day and female elderly was 1840.2 ± 255.7 Kcal/day or 38.2 Kcal/Body weight/day. The energy Intake of male elderly was 1858 ± 471.7 Kcal/day or 34.1 Kcal/Body weight/day and female elderly was 1472 ± 255.7 Kcal/day or 30.8 Kcal/Body weight/day. Conclusions: Conclusion of this research was the energy expenditure of male elderly balance with their energy consumption, while the energy expenditure of female elderly higher than their energy consumption. Recommendations: Further study on physical activities of elderly of different culture in Indonesia is needed. Keywords: elderly, physical activities, energy expenditure

HUBUNGAN KANDUNGAN KAROTENOID DAN RETINOL DALAM DARAH DAN ASI PADA IBU MENYUSUI DI DAERAH PENGHASIL DAN BUKAN PENGHASIL SAYURAN

Association of Carotenoids and Retinol Levels In Blood and Breastmilk of Breastfeeding Mothers In Vegetables Producing Area and Non-Vegetables Producing Area.Background: Vegetables are available in abundant amount in the less developed countries, including Indonesia, and are the source of carotenoids and other important nutrient, especially vitamin A. In rural areas, vegetables are becoming important source of vitamin A, especially for breastfeeding mothers.Objectives: To study carotenoids and retinol levels in blood and breastmilk of breastfeeding mothers in vegetables producing area and non-vegetables producing area, and its implication to the availability of vitamin A to breastfeeding mothers.Method: Samples were collected from 87 breastfeeding mothers with their breastfeeding age of 3-6 months, and they came from two areas, vegetables producing area and non-vegetables producing area. Blood and breastmilk were taken and analyzed for their carotenoids and retinol levels using HPLC.Results: The study found there were differences of carotenoids components and retinol in blood and breastmilk of breastfeeding mothers between vegetables producing area and non-vegetables producing area. The levels of lutein, lycopene, β-carotene and retinol in blood of breastfeeding mothers living in vegetables producing area were significantly different (pl0.01) from non vegetables producing area. However, for β-cryptoxanthin, and α-carotene were not significantly different (pg0.05). The levels of carotenoids and retinol in breastmilk showed differences. The levels of lutein, lycopene, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin and retinol in breastmilk of mothers in vegetables producing area were significantly different (pl0.01) from non-vegetables producing area. While β-carotene level was not significantly different (pg0.05). There were a correlation of lutein (r=0.4610, pl0.05), β-cryptoxanthin (r=0.3321, pl0.05), and β-carotene (r=0.4548, pl0.05) levels between in blood and breastmilk in vegetables producing area. While only level of lutein (r=0.6166, pl0.01) in blood correlated with breastmilk in non-vegetables producing area. There was no strong correlation (pg0.05) between vegetables consumption and carotenoids and retinol levels of blood and breastmilk, botj in vegetables producing area and non-vegetables producing area.Conclusion: The result of study showed carotenoids and retinol levels of blood and breastmilk in mothers from vegetables producing area were higher than that of non-vegetables producing area.Recommendation: To encourage breastfeeding mothers in order to consume more vegetables intensively through the existing program.

DAMPAK PEMBERIAN KALSIUM TERHADAP TEKANAN DARAH IBU HAMIL DI BOGOR

The Effect of Food Calcium Supplementation on the Blood Pressure Level of Pregnant Women in Bogor District. Study on the calcium supplementation to prevent the increase of blood pressure level of pregnant women was conducted in 6 Community Health Centers in Bogor District. Seventy-seven pregnant women between 18-23 weeks of pregnancy were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to receive 2 kinds of food (biscuit and syrup) which contain 700 mg of calcium for the intervention group and 200 mg for the control group. The subjects were asked to consume every 5 days in a week for 16 weeks. The results shows that no significant different in body weight, clinical status and biochemical status, calcium in urine and feces between 2 group. The energy and calcium intake were still below the indonesian RDA level. Diastolic blood pressure in supine position was decreased by 1.4 mg Hg in intervention group and 0.9 mg Hg in control group after 16 weeks of the study. However there was no significant difference between intervention and control group. This study observed there was a tendency that calcium supplementation maintains diastolic blood pressure level. Keywords: calcium, blood pressure, pregnant women.

EFEK SUPLEMENTASI OMEGA-3 PADA PENDERITA ARTRITIS REUMATOID

Effects of Omega-3 Supplementation on Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. A study on omega-3 supplementation was conducted to women of 55-90 years old with active rheumatoid arthritis who stay at home for elderly (in six nursing home) in Bogor. The objective of this study is to see the effects of omega-3 supplementation on patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Sixty subjects (respondents) were devided into two groups. The first group, 30 respondents, were given an omega-3 capsuls (180 mg EPA and 120 mg DHA) every day for two months; the second group, also 30 respondents, were given placebo capsules (equal). Data collected including identity of respondents, anthropometric, clinical status, radiology (rontgen), and blood sample analysis (LED and ARF). The results of this study showed that omega-3 supplementation proportionally decreased the quantity of patients with morning stiffness significantly, decreased the quantity of patients with joint swelling (not significant), failed inreducing the quantity of patients with joint pain, and failed in changing the value of RF (from + to -) of patients. The omega-3 supplementation on patients with active rheumatoid arthritis also failed in decreasing the average of LED of the patients, and failed in changing the result of rontgen. Keywords: rheumatoid arthritis, EPA & DHA omega-3, supplementtaion, elderly.

EFEKTIVITAS SUPLEMENTASI VITAMIN A DOSIS TINGGI TERHADAP TINGKAT PENYEMBUHAN DAN STATUS IMUN ANAK BALITA PENDERITA TUBERKULOSIS PARU

Effectiveness of High Dose Vitamin A Supplementation on The Recovery Rate and Immune Status of Underfive Children Suffering From Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (TB), the infectious disease, is still one of the health problems in Indonesia. TB does not just make the people sick physically, but also interfere the immunity. As we have known that vitamin A can improve the immunity. The aimed of this randomized double blind study was to know the effect of high dose vitamin A on the improvement, immune status and the relationship between vitamin A and immune status in TB. Sixtyfive underfive children were selected from the Pediatrics Wards for out patient in Salak and Clsarua Hospital. They were grouped into 11 treatment group who received standard regimen therapy for TB plus high dose vitamin A in each month for 6 months and 21 control group who received the same TB regimen plus placebo also in each month for 6 months. Data on physical examination, weight, height, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), blood sedimen rate (BSR), serum vitamin A, immunoglobulin G (IgG) to TB, chest X ray (CXR) and food consumption were collected before and after (6 months) intervention. Information on morbidity and socioeconomic also were recorded. To evaluate the degree of improvement, score on nutritional status, BSR and CXR were made. The results showed that after 6 month there were improvement in anthropometry status, morbidity rate, Hb, Ht, BSR, IgG and CXR for both groups. The treatment group was improved in 7.2% subjects meanwhile the control group was improved in 58% subjects. Analysis for scoring improvement showed that the treatment group had better improvement 2,4 times than the control group. The conclusions are that the high dose vitamin A has a positive effect on the recovery and immune status of underfive children suffering TB. This study suggests to give high dose vitamin A to the regimen therapy for TB in children to get better results. Keywords : tuberculosis, vitamin A supplementation, IgG, recovery rate.