Syamsul Falah

Effect of Boiled Cassava Leaves ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) on Total Phenolic, Flavonoid and its Antioxidant Activity

The agricultural potential in Indonesia still becomes the excellence because Indonesia is the agrarian country. The role of agricultural sector in the national economy is empirically proven to be real enough both in quite normal economy and when the economy facing the crisis. This is seen from two important indicators i.e. the contribution to the sector of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and the labor absorption that always dominates in the agricultural field.This is caused by the lack of competence of farmer to be able to develop in the agricultural sector. With this is needed the farmer competence in forming the farming capacity building so the farmer can play the role in the community and can compete in the current globalization era. Based on the above problem, the research aims to: (1) analyze how the competence is owned by the farmer in Sumatera, (2) obtain the picture of farmer superior competence model in Sumatera to form the capacity building of highland vegetable farmer, and (3) give any solution which should be done in order to be able to increase the farmer competence in Sumatera. In this research, for analyzing the farmer superior competence and the making of superior competence model in forming the capacity building of highland vegetable farming in Karo District, it is used the ISM, AHP, and IPA.Ethanol is considered as the most promising alternative fuel, since it can be produced from a variety of agriculturally-based renewable materials, such as sugarcane bagasse. Lignocellulose as a major component of sugarcane bagasse is considered as an attractive renewable resource for ethanol production due to its great availability and relatively low cost. The major problem of lignocellulose is caused by its need for treatment to be hydrolyzed to simple sugar before being used for bioethanol production. However, pretreatment using acid as hydrolyzing agent creates some inhibitor compounds that reduce ethanol production because these compounds are potential fermentation inhibitors and affect the growth rate of the yeast. Reduction of these by-products requires a conditioning (detoxification and culture starter adaptation). Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate bioethanol production by fermentation with and without detoxified sugarcane bagasse acid hydrolysate using adapted and non-adapted culture of C. tropicalis. According to this study, the highest ethanol amount was obtained about 0.43 % (v/v) with an ethanol yield of 2.51 % and theoretical yield of 4.92 % by fermentation of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate with detoxification using the adapted strain of C. tropicalis at 72 hours fermentation time. Furthermore, the addition of 3 % glucose as co-substrate on detoxified-hydrolysate media only achieved the highest ethanol concentration 0.21 % after 24 hours fermentation with the ethanol yield 0.69 % and theoretical ethanol yield 1.35 %, thus it can be concluded that the addition of glucose could not increase the ethanol production.Cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz) widely used as vegetables in many regions. Cassava leaves contain many minerals such as Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Mg, Ca, P, K, S, contain crude protein, β-carotene and have an active compound of flavonoids, phenolic, and contain chlorophyll which is a natural antioxidant. The aims of this study were to analyze the effect of boiled cassava leaves on total phenolics, flavonoids, and its antioxidant activity. Cassava leaves extraction was done by maceration method to obtain the methanol extract and infundation method to get the water extract. Based on phytochemical test, cassava leaves contained alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic, tannins, and saponins. The highest levels of total phenolics and flavonoids contained in the methanol extract of simplicia, 30.57 mg GAE/g and 881.33 mg RE/g, respectively. Cassava leaves extract had potential as an antioxidant with the highest inhibition of DPPH radicals produced by the methanol extract of simplicia with IC 50 values of 92.10 mg/L and followed by methanol extract of boiled leaves, water extract of simplicia, and water extract of boiled leaves with IC 50 144.28, 155.76 dan 170.71 mg/L , respectively. In conclusion, the process of boiling cassava leaves could reduce total phenolic, total flavonoids and antioxidant activcity.

Amplification and Analysis of Cytocrome Oxidase I of Polypedates leucomystax from Bogor Agricultural University Area

DNA barcoding has become a useful tool for identifying and confirming of species within a known taxonomic framework. A large-scale effort is underway to barcode all amphibian species using the universally sequenced DNA region, a partial fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). This study was aimed to use DNA barcoding technique to identify and confirm species of Polypedates leucomystax and to analyze their phylogenetic relationship. Samples of Polypedates leucomystax were collected from Campus Area of Bogor Agricultural University. The cytochrome oxidase I gene of 600-700 nucleotides were amplified and observed in agarose gel electrophoresis. Forward sequence (604 base pairs) of COI gene was used for phylogenetic analyses. BLAST analysis against BOLD System database showed 95.75% identity with sequences of Polypedates leucomystax. The pairwise genetic distances of Polypedates leucomystax with Rhacophorus schlegelii, Limnonectes fujianensis, Fejervarya cancrivora, and Bufo melanostictus were 0.274, 0.352, 0.339, 0.339, 0.393, respectively. These results illustrated that the genetic identification is congruence with the morphological identification. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the samples were in one clade with other tree frogs. The DNA barcoding technique based on the sequence of COI gene can therefore be used to identify and confirm species of Polypedates leucomystax.

Application of Liquid Organic Fertilizer ( Bio-fertilizer ) Enriched Consortium Bacteria and Golden Snail ( Pamoacea canliculata ) in Ciherang Rice Flowering

Application of organic fertilizer today has become a necessity, benefits can be felt by farmers using organic fertilizers because increasing content of organic matter and soil nutrition so that increased productivity of agricultural land. Golden snail (Pomacea canaliculata) was introduced to Asia in the 1980s from South America as a potential food for humans. nutritional content of golden snails when added to other ingredients can be a good growth medium for growth of various types of bacteria (consortium) as basic ingredients of liquid organic fertilizer (Bio-fertilizer). Bio-fertilizer was made from golden snail plus consortium bacteria which then carried out isolation and calculation number of bacterial colonies that grow, test activity of phosphate solvent, nitrogen fixation and effectiveness of Ciherang rice flowering. Bio-fertilizer applications made in combination with solid organic fertilizers significantly increase plant height, number of tillers, multiply and accelerate flowering of Ciherang rice.

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Temulawak Nanocurcuminoid Coated with Palmitic Acid in The Sprague Dawley Rat

Temulawak or Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb, is usually used as traditional medicine (herbal medicine) that has antioxidant, anticancer, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and gastroprotective properties. The main components contained in temulawak responsible for its efficacy as a medicine are xantorhizol and curcuminoid. Curcuminoid has drawbacks, which are difficult to absorb and very quickly metabolized by the body, so that limit its bioavailability. The use of solid lipid nanoparticle carrier system (SLN) in form of palmitic acid, is known to improve the bioavailability of curcuminoid. This study aims to find the effective dose of nanocurcuminoid coated with palmitic acid that can be used as an anti-inflammatory agent. The methods used in this study, include the production of nanocurcuminoid with homogenization and ultrasonication methods, determination of particle size, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency and anti-inflammatory activity test through rat feet edema. Nanocurcuminoid obtained in this study was 561.53 nm in size, with polydispersity index 0.309 and concentrations of curcuminoid absorbed and entrapment efficiency were 0.61±0.031 mg/mL, 58.93±3.021%, respectively. Anti-inflammatory activity of nanocurcuminoid through treated Sprague Dawley rats, showed that there were no significant difference compared with the positive control, curcuminoid extracts and empty nanoparticle. These results indicate that nanocurcuminoid with 175, 200 and 250 mg/kg.bw in doses, has greater anti-inflammatory activity (31.70%) compared to the other treatments.

Kandungan Fitokimia, Total Fenol, dan Total Flavonoid Ekstrak Buah Harendong ( Melastoma affine D. Don)

Reverse osmosis (RO) system is a system that capable in generating pure water at the purity level of 99.99%. The superiority of this system is pure water with high level oxygen contained therein that could strengthen cells and organs of the body, also increasing the body resistance and healing system. The objectives of this study are as follows : (1) To study the feasibility of ozonisation purify system; (2) To analyze financial feasibility at the side of production, marketing and mixed marketing as well as operational management. The method used in this study is a case study with descriptive analysis (quantitative or qualitative). Data analyzing and processing were carried out by Microsoft Excel application, performed in tabulation form. The investment capital which is required for AMDIU based RO system scope business is for the amount of Rp. 153.300.000,-, while for AMDIU based ozonisation system required the amount of capital for Rp. 99.700.000,-. Financial feasibility criteria for AMDIU based RO system has PBP value (2.42 years), BEP (38.330 galon), NPV obtained for 4 years is Rp. 11.218.921,60, B/C ratio (1.09) and IRR (17.91%). The selling price decreasing of AMDIU based RO system technology is 10% and production cost increasing will remain reasonable to be efforted, while at AMDIU based ozonisation technology system the 10% decreasing of selling price makes business unworthed to be executed. The other alternatives of policy for AMDIU business development are : (1) Increase distribution net productivity effort with material or industry product supplier company in order to increase selling; (2) To be really pay attention on quality and product continuity (3) To increase cooperation with banking institution and to take benefit from capitalization facilities in order to strengthen investment capital and working capital.The objective of this study was to observe the application of system quality management (SQM) at PT Sapukurata Kharisma by applying eight principles of quality management as well as the effect on the improvement of PT Sapukurata Kharisma performance. In this study, data and information was collected, and the observation to analyze the factors that affect the dynamics of the company performance was also conducted. In this study, work questionnaire method was used as an instrument, meanwhile descriptive analysis was used for data processing. This study showed that PT Sapukurata Kharisma was a small-medium enterprise which had been applying SQM since 2002. Based on the average questionnaire, the percentage of SQM application at PT. Sapukurata Kharisma in 2004 was 77.50%. The details of the study could be described further as follow : companyA¢â‚¬â„¢s customer orientation was 69.14%, leadership level was 90.86%, employee involvement was 72.67%, process approach was 77.71%, approach system in management was 80%, continual innovation was 86.14%, data and information-based decision making was 90.86% and mutual relationship with suppliers was 53.71%. The companyA¢â‚¬â„¢s profit increased by 13.23% in average per year from 2001 to 2004, average profit margin was 6.93% per year. There were also improvements at the human resource manager level through ISO 9000 training, quality awareness, computer, strategic management, tax and financial analysis. Based on the results of the data analysis, we concluded that the SQM application is the most important factor in the company dynamics with score 5; the second factor is the competition of the cleaning appliance products namely 3.8; the third factor is capital increase, score 3; the fourth factor is the political and economic condition of a country, score 2 and the fifth is human resources factors, score 1. Based on the results of the SQM application analysis in the company, it is found that there is a significant increase in the company performance (total value and profit). The analysis of dynamic factors affecting a company performance suggests that there is a positive correlation between the application of SQM and a company performance.Melastoma affine plant has effect on health such as curing wound and toothache, also as an antimalarial drug. The fruit of this plant is purple and probably contain secondary metabolite compounds such as phenols and flavonoids. The total amount of both compounds may be different in unripe and ripe fruit. The aims of this research were to analyze secondary metabolite compounds and determine total phenol and total flavonoid of Melastoma affine fruit extract. The samples used in this study were unripe and ripe Melastoma affine fruits. Both of samples were extracted by three different solvents (water, 70% ethanol, and 96% ethanol) and obtained 6 extracts. Based on phytochemical test, each extract from unripe and ripe Melastoma affine fruit contained alkaloid, triterpenoid, flavonoid, phenol, and tanin. The extract with highest total phenols was 70% ethanolic extract from unripe fruit (189.56 mg/g GAE), while the extract with highest total flavonoids was 96% ethanolic extract from unripe fruit (225.50 mg/g CE). Based on this result, we conclude that unripe fruit of Melastoma affine has more total phenols and total flavonoids than ripe fruit.CV. Harbinan is a producer of the hang locked which is on artistic material, using scorpion and other insect as models. This company is the kind of small and medium enterprise which can accelerate the development of economic through a role in increasing the national income and to suport the structure of national industry. The method used in this case is a, descriptive analysis to show the real condition, analyzed by SWOT, to know strengths-weaknesses (SW), opportunities and threats (OT). The development of the technique accumulate data through library research method, interview with the personel of the company asking specific question comply with the research. The result of the interview showed that CV. Harbinan is a small and medium enterprise has produce 21.000 hang locked per month with sale about Rp. 535,500,000 per month. Production of CV. Harbinan relies on customer necessity and made more to order. Based on Matrix IE, CV Harbinan exists in the cell V which is described as held and maintance area, so a strategy at that condition is intensive strategy (market penetration or developing product). SWOT analysis based on internal and external factor could find the total score matrix IFE which was 2,505(factory had average internal position) and total score matrix EFE was 2,073 (factory had medium external position).During the economic crisis, agriculture was the sector that was able to survive and overcome the crisis. The sub-sector of fisheries had the opportunity to contribute to the growth of the Indonesian economy. The fishery products of Indonesia have strong demand in domestic, regional, and international markets. The interdependency between big agricultural enterprises and fishermen in developing fisheries will improve efficiency as well as business opportunities and income through partnership. Partnership is performed to make use of the economic scale condition, where marketing activities and the provision of production facilities will be more efficient when they are performed by a big business scale, and the production activities are more efficient when they are performed by a small business scale. One form of the partnership between a big agribusiness and a small one is the partnership between XYZ Inc. and the fishermen of Muara Angke, which is based on mutual willingness to create efficiency and benefit, as well as to support the government program in empowering small and medium entrepreneurs, and co-operatives. In the partnership between XYZ Inc. and the fishermen of Muara Angke, the fishermen perform their role to catch fish while XYZ Inc. acts as the advisor and the agent to market the products. The enterprise puts its great attention to the improvement of the fishermenA¢â‚¬â„¢s capability; thus, it offers a number of assistance in the form of either technical and managerial guidance, or financial assistance. According to the results of the analysis using logistic regression, the factors affecting the fishermenA¢â‚¬â„¢s decision to continue the partnership are the ages of fishermen, their experience, the level of education, the status of ship ownership, the production volume generated by the fishermen and their involvement in the group. Through the partnership, the fishermen get a number of benefits, such as: (1) obtaining capital assistance, (2) gaining facilities in selling their products, (3) receiving cash for their products sold, (4) getting assurance that XYZ Inc. accommodates all the fish they catch. Similarly, the benefits that XYZ Inc. gets include: (1) getting assurance that the fish supply is continually available, (2) receiving profit from selling the fish and providing production facilities for fishermen, (3) getting credit facilities from the bank. From the analysis on the conditions of partnership agents, it is revealed that the condition of the enterprise tends to show its strengths on the factors of marketing, finance, and human resources, while its weaknesses lie on the management, technology, marketing and capital. From the analysis on the selection of partnership patterns between the two agents, it is known that the partnership pattern is nucleus A¢â‚¬â€œ plasma. Such nucleus A¢â‚¬â€œ plasma pattern is considered to be the most effective by both agents, considering the conditions of the farmers who still need assistance from the enterprise in terms of production facilities, and both technical and non-technical guidance from the enterprises considered to have more experience in running fishery business on a big scale. Moreover, the fishermen also want to have assurance in the market demand especially when their catch is abundant. In practice, the nucleus A¢â‚¬â€œ plasma partnership pattern between the enterprise and fishermen requires operational monitoring by making written agreement between both parties cooperating. This written agreement not only states the rights and duties of each agent, but also includes the partnership regulations that state the type of products the fishermen will sell to their enterprise partner, the quality standard, the amount and the period of sale, means of collecting and transporting, setting prices, payment method and sanction or fine for any breakage of the agreement.Based on past perfomance of XYZ Bank, the absorption of SME loan are setting lower for almost last five years. Its Lower SME loan realize that given by XYZ Bank compared with specified goals show the importance of the study, because from result of survey conducted by XYZ Bank to business centre got existing business XYZ Bank lower of loan market share. For that conducted analysis of SME loan to develop marketing strategy in Business Centre of Cipulir, Jakarta. The objectives of this study are : (1) Identifying potency of loan exist in Sentra Business of Market Cipulir, (2) Calculating estimation of market potency XYZ Bank of exist in Sentra Business Cipulir Market by using amount of loan given approach, (3) Identifying factors becoming elementary constraint in development of credit at Sentra Business of Market Cipulir, and also (4) Compiling of efficient and effective marketing strategy through Cluster Pattern. Business Centre in general is place gather business unit in one area geografic of business and conceived of Cluster. Cluster analysis is an technique used to classify events or target into group which is same relative by certain criteria. Survey conducted in cluster of Cipulir market with 336 responder at random. This matter to know characteristic of business in sentra. Pursuant to result of conducted analysis, obtained : (1) Potency of SME loan in Business Sentra of Market Cipulir Rp. 162 Billion, so that assessed very mean to become goals to Bank XYZ in improving or developing volume of SME loan, (2) Estimation of XYZ Bank market share in Business Sentra of Cipulir Market is very small (0,97%), showing to weaken market penetration and acquisition market conducted by XYZ Bank, (3) Existing constraints in the form of service, conditions of loan and guarantee constraint, (4) Strategy becoming priority to be done is through penetration and acquisition of market with Pattern of Cluster, doing activity of promotion consistenly, optimize of existing Small Business Centre and work along with BPR/KOPERASI in lending to merchant at Cipulir Market. While which must be allowed for to guarantee continuity of development SME credit is : (1) Extending network of marketing around sentra business, (2) Exploiting technological progress to increase assess to sell credit product, (3) Giving incentive to all marketing officer capable to reach goals of loan in sentra business, and (4) Developing simply credit analyse model with standard conditions and accomodate cordage of guarantee of exist in sentra of the business.Quite big potentials of micro entrepreneur community have not been exploited by formal banking practices due to unbankable market and other accompanying weaknesses. In practice, the micro segments of non-standard banking can survive from the crisis better than the sectors falling under the standard banking. Before the crisis in 1997, most of the credit portfolios in BNI was allocated to finance middle scale and big scale entrepreneurs, while the bank seemed to barely assist the micro entrepreneurs through its credits. In fact, the micro entrepreneurs could survive in 1997. Based on the existing facts, and in line with the letter of establishment of the board of directors of PT Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. No. KP/041/DIR/R dated 27 February 2002, Micro Bank Unit was established to take care of the need of micro entrepreneurs both for fund and for banking services. The 2001 yearly report of BNI shows that medium and small scale businesses have relatively greater survival rates in facing crisis, which can be shown in the following credit composition : Year Segment Percentage (%) 2000 Corporate 68.75 Small and Medium Scale 31.25 2001 Corporate 63.10 Small and Medium Scale 36.90 In 2003 the credit composition above was expected to be equal with the percentage of 50 % each. As of 31 October, 2002 the outstanding micro credit of BNI was as much as IDR 113 billion or 78.65 % of the target and in December it was IDR 144 billion, with the collectibility rate of 99.37 %, with the number of customers reaching 12.308 and the number of ULM as many as 76 units. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) and Segmenting, Targeting and Positioning (STP) were analyzed based on the results of 500 questionnaires distributed through the branch offices to determine the marketing strategies of micro credit. The tools and strategies are as follows : 1) The organization administering micro credit, 2) Micro credit profile, 3) The marketing areas of micro credit, 4) The analysis tools, using the concept of 2C (character and capacity), 5) The street banker model, which is a blend of money lenders, pawn shops and commercial banks, 6) The street banker work ethics that are appropriate with the culture and character of each region, 7) The marketing strategies of micro credit A¢â‚¬â€œ both organic and inorganic.