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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science | 1989

Operant conditioning and its applications in eqine pharmacology

T. Wood; S. Stanley; Thomas Tobin

Summary Studies of the effects of drugs on equine performance require access to sensitive methods of measuring subtle behavioral changes. Variable interval (VI) reinforcement scheduling is a specific type of operant conditioning that is sensitive to drug effects even when overt clinical signs of the drug have diminished. In our VI studies, horses were conditioned to break a light beam with a head-bobbing movement and this behavior was reinforced with a reward of clean oats (approximately 30 mg/reinforcement). Initial training procedures included acclimatization to the behavioral equipment and fixed-ratio reinforcement scheduling. To establish baseline rates of behavior the horses were converted to a variable interval (60 seconds) reinforcement schedule and were kept on this schedule for the remainder of the experiments. Daily sessions lasted 30 minutes and responding rates remained remarkably stable even after long periods of inactivity. Responses and reinforcement were recorded and dispensed by use of an electromechanical relay system wired to an electric eye, an automatic feeder and a programming and recording system. Recently, responding rates from horses administered detomidine, hordenine, xylazine and saline were monitored and compared to responding rates in horses from previous studies using acepromazine, cocaine, methylphenidate, phenylbutazone and reserpine. Rates of behavior in these operant-conditioned horses were remarkably stable over time and readily detected subclinical pharmacological effects of drug administrations.


General Pharmacology-the Vascular System | 1988

The detection, pharmacokinetics and behavioral effects of diisopropylamine dichloroacetate (DADA) in the horse: A preliminary report

Yang Jm; W. E. Woods; Timothy J. Weckman; T. Wood; S.-L. Chang; J. W. Blake; Thomas Tobin

1. Drug administration studies using diisopropylamine dichloroacetate (DADA) and diisopropylamine (DIPA) were conducted in Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses to assess physiological effects and develop detection methods. 2. Four horses received 0.08 mg DADA/kg body wt and showed no changes in heart and respiratory rates or body temperature as measured over a 1-hr period after administration. A transient diuretic effect was found to occur in 2 mares dosed with 0.80 mg DADA/kg body wt. 3. A qualitative detection method using thin-layer chromatography was developed to detect DIPA, the major metabolite of DADA in equine urine. A quantitative detection method (lower limit of detection 0.5 micrograms/ml urine) for this metabolite was also developed using gas chromatography. 4. Neither DADA or the free base, DIPA, were detectable in equine blood samples using the above-mentioned methodologies.


Equine Veterinary Journal | 1990

Equine urine pH: normal population distributions and methods of acidification.

T. Wood; Timothy J. Weckman; P. A. Henry; S.-L. Chang; J. W. Blake; Thomas Tobin


Equine Veterinary Journal | 1989

Narcotic analgesics, their detection and pain measurement in the horse: A review

S. G. Kamerling; T. Wood; David J. Dequick; Timothy J. Weckman; Tai Cl; J. W. Blake; Thomas Tobin


Research communications in chemical pathology and pharmacology | 1992

Evaluation of threshold doses of drug action in the horse using hematocrit values as an indicator.

T. Wood; S. Stanley; W. E. Woods; Henry P; David S. Watt; Thomas Tobin


Equine Veterinary Journal | 1988

Detomidine: A preliminary analysis of its duration of action in the horse by variable interval responding

T. Wood; Timothy J. Weckman; W. E. Woods; Thomas Tobin; J. Dougherty


Research communications in chemical pathology and pharmacology | 1986

Radioimmunoassay screening for etorphine in racing horses

W. E. Woods; Weckman Tj; T. Wood; S.-L. Chang; Blake Jw; Thomas Tobin


Research communications in chemical pathology and pharmacology | 1989

Immunoassay detection of drugs in racing horses. XI. ELISA and RIA detection of fentanyl, alfentanil, sufentanil and carfentanil in equine blood and urine.

Thomas Tobin; Stefan Kwiatkowski; David S. Watt; Tai Hh; Tai Cl; W. E. Woods; J. P. Goodman; D.G. Taylor; Weckman Tj; Yang Jm; J. D. Tai; S. Stanley; T. Wood; S.-L. Chang; Blake Jw; J. Mcdonald; S. Wie; Prange Ca; C. E. Uboh


Journal of Analytical Toxicology | 1994

Immunoassay Detection of Drugs in Racing Horses: Detection of Ethacrynic Acid and Bumetanide in Equine Urine by ELISA

S. Stanley; T. Wood; J. P. Goodman; P.A. Henry; W. E. Woods; S.-L. Chang; Tai Hh; David S. Watt; Stefan Kwiatkowski; J. W. Blake; Thomas Tobin; Diane F. Gerken; Richard A. Sams


Research communications in chemical pathology and pharmacology | 1988

Immunoassay detection of drugs in racing horses. VII. Detection of acepromazine in equine urine and blood by ELISA and PCFIA.

Stefan Kwiatkowski; Sturma L; Dai Mr; Tai Hh; David S. Watt; Tai Cl; W. E. Woods; Weckman Tj; Yang Jm; T. Wood

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W. E. Woods

University of Kentucky

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S. Stanley

University of Kentucky

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S.-L. Chang

University of Kentucky

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Yang Jm

University of Kentucky

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Tai Hh

University of Kentucky

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Weckman Tj

University of Kentucky

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J. W. Blake

University of Kentucky

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