Tadashi Nakanishi

Deodorant Properties of Wool Fabrics Dyed with Acid Mordant Dyes and a Copper Salt

Wool fabrics with a deodorant function are prepared by acid mordant dyeing with copper(II) nitrate. The effects of pre- and after-mordanting are examined for C.I. Mordant Yellow 3 and C.I. Mordant Red 17. Carboxylate groups in the wool fibers and the dyes work to fix copper ion with the deodorant ability against mercaptan. The elimination of mercaptan from the air by the mordant dyed fabrics is measured in a Teddler bag. Fabrics untreated or dyed without mordanting show no deodorant ability, but those pre-mordanted or pre- and after-mordanted show considerable deodorant ability. By controlling the pH of the dyebath to about 4, dye and copper ion uptake of the fabric is optimized and the deodorant ability is also optimum.

Deodorizing Properties of Cotton Fabrics Dyed with Direct Dyes and a Copper Salt

Cotton fabric with a deodorizing function is prepared by mordant dyeing with direct dyes containing copper ions and copper(II) nitrate. The effects of pre- and after-mordant ings and after-treatment with copper(II) nitrate are examined for C.I. Direct Violet 47 and C.I. Direct Black 112. The copper ion uptake of cotton dyed with pre- and after mordantings is about 1/10 the value for wool samples. The elimination of ethyl mercaptan from air by the mordant dyed fabrics is measured in a Teddler bag. Untreated cotton fabric shows no deodorizing ability, but each of the pre-mordanted, dyed, after-mordanted, and after-treated fabrics shows a considerable deodorizing ability. The effects of after mordanting and after-treatment are particularly notable, implying that they are caused by dye-copper ion complexes.

Membrane potential and salt permeability of cationic poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes

Abstract Four kinds of cationic membranes were prepared by quaternary amination of haloacetalized poly(vinyl alcohol) membrane with triethylamine, tri-n-propylamine, tri-n-butylamine and N,N - dimethyl-n-dodecylamine. Membrane potentials and permeabilities for the sodium salts mentioned below were analyzed based on the Teorell-Meyer-Sievers (TMS) theory. The observed order of the permeabilities, namely NaI > NaClO 4 > NaNO 3 > NaBr > NaCl, is explained by the differences in affinities of the respective anions for the water-swollen membranes.

Deodorization of Ethyl Mercaptan by Cotton Fabrics Mordant Dyed with a Direct Dye and Copper Sulfate

Six cotton samples obtained from appropriate market sources were dyed with C. I. Direct Blue 200, a copper complex direct dye, and pre-and post-mordanted with Cu(II) sulfate. Dye and copper ion uptake, carboxylic acid contents and deodorization of ethyl mercaptan were measured for the samples appropriately treated. The uptake of the dye by four differently mordant-dyed specimens from a single cotton sample was the same to within ± 10%: the uptake by respective specimens was in the range 10—15 mg/g, except for that of a scoured and mercerized sample, which had uptake in the range of 20 mg/g. The copper ion uptake by pre-mordanted specimens was found not to be correlated with the carboxylic acid contents. It was inferred that the differences in the nature and the scouring treatment of the cotton sample were responsible for the unexpected copper ion uptake. The uptake was most enhanced by the successive pre-mordanting, dyeing, and post-mordanting treatment for all the six cotton samples. The uptake of dyed and post-mordanted samples came next and the rest of the treatments showed that uptake varied within three times the copper ion uptake. The deodorizing abilities of ethyl mercaptan by the dyed and mordanted cotton specimens were compared. It was found that the deodorization rates can be classified into three groups, one group almost null, the second one intermediate and the third one fast in comparison with activated carbon. All the deodorization effects plotted against the copper ion uptakes were found to increase quadratically with the copper ion uptake, regardless of the dyeing and mordanting conditions.

Salt permeation through cationic membranes with quaternary ammonium groups of different alkylchain lengths

Abstract Cationic membranes were prepared by quaternizing poly(chloromethylstyrene-codivinylbenzene) membrane with triethyl, tri-n-propyl and tri-n-octyl amines. The permeabilities of NaCl, NaBr, NaI and NaNO3 were measured. The dependence of the permeabilities on the upstream salt concentration was not of a simple Donnan exclusion type, which is unusual. The permeability of the membrane quaternized with triethylamine for NaI showed a marked decrease with upstream salt concentration up to ca. 0.1 mol/l and leveled off thereafter. The permeability of the membrane quaternized with tri-n-propylamine for NaCl, NaBr and NaNO3 showed minima at relatively low upstream salt concentrations. These results, together with the sorption isotherms, were qualitatively discussed in terms of dual sorption and diffusion modes of the salts

Electrical conductivity of cationic poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes having quaternary ammonium groups

Abstract Conductivities of poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes having three kinds of quaternary ammonium groups have been measured at 25°C at equilibrium with 10−3−1 mol-l NaCl, NaBr, NaI, NaNO3 and NaClO4 aqueous solutions. The results are discussed for two salt concentration ranges; sufficiently low to give almost concentration-independent conductivities and moderate to high to give increasing or decreasing conductivities with the salt concentration. The order of the conductivities in the low salt concentration range was interpreted in terms of the crystallographic anion size, while the concentration dependencies of the conductivities in the higher salt concentration range were interpreted in terms of the size of the hydrated anions, membrane hydration, and the contribution of the structural relaxation of the membrane.

Salt permeability maxima in charged poly (methyl methacrylate) stereocomplex membranes

Abstract The permeabilities of NaBr and four tetraalkylammonium bromides (TAABr) were measured for negatively charged (anionic), positively charged (cationic) and neutral poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) stereocomplex membranes in aqueous systems. For anionic membranes, the dependence of salt permeability on the upstream salt concentration varies according to the cation size; e.g., the permeability of NaBr increases to approach a leveled-off value with the increase of the upstream salt concentration, whereas the permeability of tetra-n-butylammonium bromide shows a maximum. The analysis of these results in terms of the Teorell- Meyer-Sievers theory reveals that the permeability maximum can be attributed to imbalanced hindrances to the diffusion of the large and small pair ions within these membranes.

Deodorizing and Antibacterial Abilities of Knitted Cotton Fabrics Mordant Dyed with Reactive Dyes and Copper (II) Sulfate

Non-mercerized and mercerized knitted cotton fabrics were dyed with the copper-containing reactive dyes, C.I. Reactive Blue 237 and C.I. Reactive Blue 71, and pre- and post-mordanted with copper (II) sulfate. We investigated the effects of the type and concentration of dye, the type of cotton fabric, and the difference in mordanting methods on ethanethiol deodorizing ability. The deodorizing abilities conferred by pre-mordanting with copper sulfate (pre), dyeing (D), dyeing after pre-mordanting (pre-D) or post-mordanting with copper sulfate after dyeing (D-post) were in the order D < pre-D < D-post < pre. The deodorizing abilities of the sample fabrics with higher copper ion uptakes were not necessarily higher. The abilities of the mordant-dyed non-mercerized cotton samples were higher than those of the mordant-dyed mercerized cotton samples. The mordant-dyed non-mercerized knitted cotton samples adsorb larger amounts of copper ions directly bound to cotton during pre-mordanting. The ability of the copper ions bound to cotton and to the dye during pre- or post-mordanting is higher than that of the copper ions contained in the dye molecule. In addition, mordant-dyed cotton fabrics exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA, and thus had potential as deodorizing/antibacterial fabrics.

A Twisted Filament and Its Helix Structure Formation

The relation is investigated between the wave number k 0 of a twisted polypropylene filament and the wave number k 1 of the double helix composed of the filaments. The sum of the wave numbers is zero, illustrating the rule of wave number conservation unless the product t = ka of the wave number k and radius a of the filament is large. The deviation from the rule Δt is proportional to t 0 3 ≡ k 0 3 a 3, and the proportionality constant y is equal to the elasticity/rigidity ratio E/G.