Tae-Kyung Hwang

Experimental and numerical study of the electrical anisotropy in unidirectional carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer composites

In this paper, unidirectional CFRP composites are considered as an electrical percolation system, which consists of electrically conductive carbon fibers and electrically nonconductive epoxy resin. Due to the contact behavior of the carbon fibers, CFRP has electrical conductivity in the width direction. Resistance measurements using the DC four-probe and the DC six-probe methods are conducted for the unidirectional CFRP specimens with different fiber volume fractions, i.e. different contact conditions. On the basis of the electrical anisotropy level obtained, the correlation between the measured anisotropy and the electrical ineffective length δec, over which a broken fiber recovers its current carrying capacity and a key parameter in electromechanical modeling of CFRP, is shown experimentally. The empirical relationship between the electrical anisotropy and δec obtained is also reviewed using a numerical calculation method based on the electric circuit theory of Kirchhoffs rule and the Monte Carlo simulation technique.

Aluminum-thin-film packaged fiber Bragg grating probes for monitoring the maximum tensile strain of composite materials

In this paper, new fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor probes are designed to intermittently detect the maximum tensile strain of composite materials, so as to evaluate the structural health status. This probe is fabricated by two thin Al films bonded to an FBG optical fiber and two supporting brackets, which are fixed on the surface of composite materials. The residual strain of the Al packaged FBG sensor probe is induced by the strain of composite materials. This residual strain can indicate the maximum strain of composite materials. Two types of sensor probes are prepared-one is an FBG with 18 μm thick Al films, and the other is an FBG with 36 μm thick Al films-to compare the thickness effect on the detection sensitivity. These sensor probes are bonded on the surfaces of carbon fiber reinforced plastics composite specimens. In order to determine the strain sensitivity between the residual strain of the FBG sensor probe and the maximum strain of the composite specimen, tensile tests are performed by universal testing machine, under the loading-unloading test condition. The strain sensitivities of the probes, which have the Al thicknesses of 18 and 36 μm, are determined as 0.13 and 0.23, respectively.

Temperature effect on the flexural deformation and strength of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic laminate

Tests and numerical analysis were conducted to evaluate the flexural deformation and strength of laminated carbon fiber-reinforced plastic under high temperature conditions. First, a series of four-point bending tests in various temperature conditions was conducted, and the results indicated a remarkable temperature effect on the flexural deformation and strength. At high temperature test conditions, above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of resin materials, the degradation rate of flexural stiffness and strength abruptly accelerated. The failure mode also changed from de-lamination failure to local buckling failure. Next, finite element analyses using a progressive failure model were performed and compared to the test data. A new damage model considering the Weibull distribution of the composite strength was implemented in the user subroutine of the ABAQUS/standard. It was found that the flexural strength and failure mechanism of laminated carbon fiber-reinforced plastic in various test temperature conditions were well explained and predicted by finite element analysis.

Progressive Failure Analysis of Adhesive Joints of Filament-Wound Composite Pressure Vessel

* Graduate School of Mechanical Design Engineering, Hanbat Nat’l Univ., ** Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Hanbat Nat’l Univ.,*** Agency for Defence Development (Received June 20, 2014 ; Revised August 12, 2014 ; Accepted August 15, 2014)Key Words: Composite Pressure Vessel(복합재 압력용기), Cohesive Zone Model(접착영역모델), Interlaminar Fracture Toughness(층간파괴인성치), Progressive Failure Analysis(점진적 파손 해석)초록: 본 논문에서는 CZM(Cohesive Zone Model)을 이용하여 돔 분리형 복합재 압력용기 접착 체결부의 점진적 파손 해석에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 접착 요소(cohesive element)의 물성을 도출하기 위해 모드 I, II 그리고 혼합모드에 대한 층간파괴인성들을 시험을 통해 도출하였다. 이때, 모든 시험편은 복합재 압력용기와 동일한 필라멘트 와인딩 제작공정을 통해 제작되었다. 이중 겹치기 이음(double-lap joint) 시험은 접착제의 전단강도와 CZM을 이용한 점진적 파손해석의 신뢰도 검증을 위해 수행하였다. 그 결과, 접착제의 전단강도는 시험으로부터 32MPa을 얻었고, 시험과 해석의 오차는 약 4.4%의 오차가 발생하여 CZM이 접착 체결부의 점진적 파손 거동을 비교적 잘 모사함을 확인하였다. 최종적으로 신뢰성이 검증된 CZM을 복합재 압력용기 접착 체결부에 적용하여 운용하중조건에서의 점진적 파손해석을 수행한 결과, 전체 200mm를 갖는 접착 체결부 길이의 약 5.8%만이 점진적 파손이 발생하는 것으로 나타나 복합재 압력용기의 구조 안전성에는 영향을 주지 않음을 확인하였다.Abstract: This study performed the progressive failure analysis of adhesive joints of a composite pressure vessel with a separated dome by using a cohesive zone model. In order to determine the input parameters of a cohesive element for numerical analysis, the interlaminar fracture toughness values in modes I and II and in the mixed mode for the adhesive joints of the composite pressure vessel were obtained by a material test. All specimens were manufactured by the filament winding method. A mechanical test was performed on adhesively bonded double-lap joints to determine the shear strength of the adhesive joints and verify the reliability of the cohesive zone model for progressive failure analysis. The test results showed that the shear strength of the adhesive joints was 32MPa; the experiment and analysis results had an error of about 4.4%, indicating their relatively good agreement. The progressive failure analysis of a composite pressure vessel with an adhesively bonded dome performed using the cohesive zone model showed that only 5.8% of the total adhesive length was debonded and this debonded length did not affect the structural integrity of the vessel.

FBG Sensor Probes with Silver Epoxy for Tracing the Maximum Strain of Structures

Structures can be evaluated their health status by allowable loading criteria. These criteria can be determined by the maximum strain. Therefore, in order to detect this maximum strain of structures, fiber optic Bragg grating(FBG) sensor probes are newly designed and fabricated to perform the memorizing detection even if the sensor system is on-and-off. The probe is constructed with an FBG optical fiber embedded in silver epoxy. When the load is applied and removed on the structure, the residual strain remains in the silver epoxy to memorize the maximum strain effect. In this study, a commercial Al-foil bonded FBG sensor probe was tested to investigate the detection feasibility at first. FBG sensor probes with silver epoxy were fabricated as three different sizes. The detection feasibility of maximum strain was studied by doing the tensile tests of CFRP specimens bonded with these FBG sensor probes. It was investigated the sensitivity coefficient defined as the maximum strain divided by the residual strain. The highest sensitivity was 0.078 of the thin probe having the thickness of 2 mm.

Effect of Temperature on Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Filament-Wound Carbon/Epoxy Composites

This paper reports an experimental study for evaluating the effect of temperature on the mode I, mode II and mixed-mode interlaminar fracture toughness of adhesive joints with a curved cross-section of filament-wound dome-separated composite pressure vessel. Mode I and mixed-mode interlaminar fracture toughness were evaluated using DCB specimens, while mode II interlaminar fracture toughness was determined using ENF specimens. , and () winding specimens with the curved cross-section were considered. In-situ temperature environments were simulated with a range of using an environmental chamber and furnace. Experimental results on the effect of temperature indicate that interlaminar fracture toughness tends to be high at low temperature and is degraded with increase in temperature. For specimen types, it was found that interlaminar fracture toughness of winding specimens considered as adhesive joints of dome and helical part was higher than other specimens.

A Probabilistic Structural Design Method of Composite Propulsion System

Corresponding author. E-mail: htkkr@add.re.krABSTRACT This paper describes a probabilistic structural design method of composite propulsion system by comparing safety factor based on average value and allowable value with structural reliability. Generally, the required structural safety factor and reliabilit y of composite pressure vessel are 1.5 and 0.999, respectively. In the case of structural design using average strength, the safety factor which satisfies the required structural reliability depends on the va riation of fiber strength. However, the structural design using allowable value shows constant safety f actor for the variation of fiber strength, because the allowable value of fiber strength is calculated by considering the variation of fiber strength. Through the analysis results, it was known that the f iber strength is the most important design random variable for the structural design of composite pressure vessel and the variation of fiber strength must be minimized to develop the high performanc e composite propulsion system.초 록 본 논문은 평균값과 Allowable 값 기준의 구조 안전율과 구조 신뢰도와 관계 비교를 통해 복합재 추진기관의 확률적 구조 설계 방법을 설명하였다. 일반적으로 복합재 압력용기의 평균 값 기준의 구조 설계는 1.5 이상의 구조 안전율과 0.999 이상의 구조 신뢰도 값이 요구된다. 요구 압력 기준의 0.999의 구조 신뢰도를 만족하기 위해서 평균 값 기준의 구조설계는 섬유 강도의 변동률에 따라 다른 구조 안전율을 부여해야한다. 그러나 이미 섬유 강도 변동률이 고려된 Allowable 값을 이용할 때는 고정된 안전율이 부여된다. 이상의 해석 결과로 볼 때 섬유 강도는 복합재 압력용기 구조 설계에 가장 중요한 설계 변수이고, 우수한 성능의 복합재 추진기관을 개발하기 위해서는 섬유 강도의 변동률이 최소화되어야 함을 알 수 있었다.Key Words: Fiber Strength(섬유강도), Reliability(신뢰도), Safety Factor(안전률), Allowable Value(허용값)Received 1 December 2012 / Revised 30 July 2013 / Accepted 8 Au gust 2013