Tamao Yoshida

Determination of trace levels of linear alkylbenzenesulfonates in the marine environment by high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract The widespread and increasing use of linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LAS) has shown the need for analytical procedure of LAS. A method has been developed to isolate, concentrate and determine trace levels of LAS from marine environmental samples. LAS were extracted with Bond Elut C 18 reversed-phase minicolumn and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorophotometric detection. This method can determine trace levels of LAS, simply, rapidly, specifically and sensitively and minimize the risk of contamination. This method showed the limit of determination for each LAS component of approx. 0.1 μg l −1 for water, 0.03 μg g −1 (dry basis) for bottom sediment or 0.3 μg g −1 (wet basis) for fish sample, the recovery of 80% for water, 87% for sediment or 86% for fish sample, and the reproduceability of 3–4% relative standard deviation for five-replicated analysis of sea water or sea sediment. This proposed method was employed for the determination of LAS in marine environmental samples of Tokyo bay, Japan. A concentration range between 0.8 and 30 μg l −1 of LAS was found in Tokyo bay water. The highest concentration was detected in the coastal areas.

Sterol compositions in some green algae and brown algae

Abstract Compositions of the sterol in Chlorophyta and Phaeophyta were established quantitatively. Sterol content in Chlorophyta is more similar to higher plant, and it contains large amount of cholesterol. In Phaeophyta, fucosterol is the main sterol and small amounts of cholesterol, 24-methylene-cholesterol and saringosterol were identified.

Uptake, distribution, and elimination of sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and sodium alkyl sulfate in carp.

Uptake, distribution, and elimination of labeled surfactants, 35S-labeled sodium laurylbenzenesulfonate (35S-C12-LAS) and 35S-labeled sodium lauryl sulfate (35S-C12-AS), were investigated in carp exposed to a low concentration level of the respective solutions found in river water in Japan by whole-body autoradiography and liquid scintillation counting. Whole-body autoradiograms showed that the fish absorbed 35S-C12-LAS and 35S-C12-AS from the solutions principally through gills and that the surfactants absorbed were rapidly distributed throughout the body tissues and organs. High concentrations were found in gills, blood, hepatopancreas, kidney, and gall bladder. The elimination in the fish that were kept in clean fresh water after exposure were relatively rapid in most tissues and organs except for gall bladder. These results suggest that the surfactants absorbed in fish may have an adverse effect on many tissues and organs of fish. What influenced the distribution profile and concentration factors of the surfactants in tissues and organs of carp were the exposure time and the molecular structure of the surfactants.

On the photolysis of alkylated naphthalenes in aquatic systems

Abstract The photodegradability in aquatic systems of some alkylated naphthalenes and related compounds was studied using a high-pressure mercury lamp. The rate constant and half-life of their degradation were estimated in distilled water. From the results performed in artificial seawater, which served as a marine environmental model, the rate of photolysis of alkylated naphthalenes increased several times over that in distilled water. This was especially observed for naphthalene. Therefore, sodium chloride, the main component of seawater, was estimated to be the cause of the enhancement, because the rate increased nearly proportionally to the concentration of NaCl in the system, with a correlation coefficient of 0.995 for 2-isopropylnaphthalene.

Effect of alkyl chain on the uptake, distribution, and excretion of 35S-labeled alkyl sulfates in carp.

Abstract The effect of the number of carbons of the alkyl chain on the uptake, distribution, and excretion of a surfactant in fish was investigated using 35S-labeled alkyl sulfates (35SAS) of three different carbon numbers and carp. As a result, the radioactivity was found to be easily taken up into the fish body and distributed throughout the tissues and organs for any surfactant, but the concentration factors differed characteristically depending upon the number of carbons of the alkyl chain, i.e., 2.1, 11, and 73 for 35S-labeled sodium lauryl sulfate (35S-C12-AS), 35S-labeled sodium myristyl sulfate (35S-C14-AS), and 35S-labeled sodium cetyl sulfate (35S-C16-AS), respectively. And the distribution profile and excretion rate also tended to be affected by the number of carbons of the alkyl chain.

The modes of inhibitory effects of PCBs on oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria

SummaryThe modes of inhibitory effects of 3 PCBs, KC-300,-400 and -500, on oxidative phosphorylation of respiring mitochondria were studied. It was found that the toxicity potency of the PCBs increases with lower chlorine content. The modes of inhibition of the 3 PCBs with regard to antagonism and toxicity, were found to be different according to their composition. KC-300 was only an energy transfer and electron transfer system inhibitor at all concentration levels in contrast with KC-400 and -500, which were energy transfer and electron transfer system inhibitors at low concentrations but had an uncoupling effect at higher concentrations. A slight difference in inhibitory effects between KC-400 and -500 was also observed.

Studies on environmental safety of di-isopropylnaphthalene (DIPN) part-I bioconcentration of 14C-DIPN in carp

Chlorinated hydrocarbons, particularly dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs), have been widely found in the environment due to their persistency i.e. chemical and biological stability. Recently, the production and usage of PCBs was strictly regulated and the usage in the open system was prohibited in many countries. The solvent for carbonless paper, which was one of the main use of PCBs has been replaced by the aromatic hydrocarbons which contain no halogens. Diisopropylnaphthalene (DIPN) (Fig.l) has been widely used as one of the substitutes for PCBs. Kawai(1) reported the distriFig.] Syntheses of LabelJed Compounds bution and excretion of 3H-DIPN in mice and the bioaccumulation of 3H-DIPN 3H-DIPN in carp and gray --R2 R2 /CH3

Bioaccumulation profiles of 35S-labelled sodium alkylpoly(oxyethylene) sulfates in carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Abstract The uptake, distribution and elimination of two labelled surfactants, 35S-labelled sodium dodecyltri(oxyethylene) sulfate (35S-C12-AES(3)) and 35S-labelled sodium dodecylpenta(oxyethylene) sulfate (35S-C12-AES(5)) were investigated in carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to concentrations of 0.3–0.6 mg l−1, using whole-body autoradiography and the liquid scintillation counting method. 35S-Radioactivity was first rapidly absorbed by the gills and skin and transferred to other organs and tissues. After 24 h-exposure, there was a comparatively high accumulation of 35S-radioactivity in the gills, hepatopancreas, gall bladder, intestinal content, and nasal and oral cavity. The distribution patterns of 35S-radioactivity derived from 35S-C12-AES(3) and 35S-C12-AES(5) in tissues and organs were similar. The whole-body concentration factors of 35S-radioactivity in fish exposed to 35S-C12-AES(3) and 35S-C12-AES(5) for 72 hr were 18 and 4.7, respectively. In surfactant-free water, the absorbed 35S-radioactivity was eliminated more rapidly from the fish body exposed to 35S-C12-AES(3) than 35S-C12-AES(5). It was eliminated relatively fast from gills and hepatopancreas, but elimination from gall bladder was rather slow.

Comparative pharmacological actions of ciguatoxin and tetrodotoxin, a preliminary account☆

Abstract The pharmacological actions of ciguatoxin (methanol-soluble extract) have been investigated, and comparisons drawn with the reported effects of crystalline tetrodotoxin. The ciguatoxin displayed a greater toxicity to the crayfish than to the mouse. The toxin caused an extended depression in the blood pressure of rats, and it appeared that the failure of respiration induced by the extract has a relationship, both direct and indirect, to the depressor action. The toxin did not cause physostigmine-like activation on the electroencephalogram tracings in mice. In large doses it caused bradycardia, and the appearance of arrhythmia was regarded as a prodrome of death. Ciguatoxin and tetrodotoxin produced similar toxic signs, but there seem to be qualitative pharmacological differences between the two.

Bioconcentration of Alcohol Ethoxylates in Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The uptake, distribution, and clearance of three labeled nonionic surfactants, 14C-labeled dodecyl tetra(oxyethylene) ether [14C-C12-AE(4)], 14C-labeled dodecyl octa(oxyethylene) ether [14C-C12-AE(8)], and 14C-labeled dodecyl hexadeca(oxyethylene) ether [14C-C12-AE(16)] were investigated in carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to concentrations of 0.2-0.6 mg X liter-1, using whole-body autoradiography and the liquid scintillation counting method. 14C radioactivity was rapidly absorbed into the fish body and distributed in skin, nasal and oral cavities, gills, brain, hepatopancreas, kidney, gall bladder, and intestinal content at comparatively high concentrations. The calculated wet weight whole-body bioconcentration factor at steady state in the fish exposed to 14C-C12-AE(4), 14C-C12-AE(8), or 14C-C12-AE(16) for 72 hr was 310, 220, or 4.3, respectively. Clearance of 14C radioactivity from the fish body was rapid, with half-lives of 30-80 hr. The metabolites of 14C-C12-AE(4) were also examined in gills, blood, kidney, hepatopancreas, or gall bladder by thin-layer chromatography.