Tetyana Payosova

The Principle of Proportionality in International Law: Foundations and Variations

Originally based upon the principle of equity, proportionality is predominantly used in the field of human rights protection, the use of force and countermeasures, humanitarian law, maritime boundary law, trade law and investment protection. The article finds that components of proportionality are shared and variably applied in these areas. The main challenge relates to weighing and balancing of interests in judicial review, reflecting upon the varied status and authority of international tribunals. The article submits that proportionality or necessity in terms of assessing the relationship of means and end, seeking least intrusive measures, is well-established and qualifies as a self-standing rule of customary international law. It should be termed strict proportionality. However, the component of weighing and balancing interests amounts to a general principle of law and applies in context. It informs the interpretation of the law at hand and is subject to varying standards of review.

Promoting Green Electricity through Differentiated Electricity Tax Schemes

Cross-border trade in electricity is rapidly expanding as a result of technical innovations, economic and geopolitical developments, and the ongoing decarbonisation of the electricity sector in response to climate change. The expansion of electricity networks and the integration of increasing shares of renewable energy (RE) electricity into the grid have made long-distance electricity flows both feasible and desirable. Drawing on the work of experts in trade and energy law and policy, and offering novel, multidisciplinary perspectives on the rapidly evolving landscape shaping international trade in electricity, this book examines the most important challenges - technical, economic, legal and policy-related - posed by long-distance and sustainable electricity trade. The book explores the regulatory implications of the policy instruments aimed at supporting RE electricity and considers how best to promote greater overall coherence in international electricity governance.