Teuku Heriansyah

The predictors of no reflow phenomenon after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction: A meta-analysis

Objective To investigate the no reflow risk factors after percutaneous coronary intervention in ST elevation myocardial infarction patients. Method Sample size, mean ± standard deviation (SD) or frequencies (percent) of normal and no reflow groups were extracted from each study. Results Of 27 retrospective and prospective studies, we found that increasing risks of no reflow were associated with advanced age, male, family history of coronary artery disease, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, delayed reperfusion, killip class ≥2, elevated blood glucose, increased creatinine, elevated creatine kinase (CK), higher heart rate, decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), collateral flow ≤1, longer lesion length, multivessel disease, reference luminal diameter, initial thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow, and high thrombus burden. Moreover, initial TIMI flow ≤1 and high thrombus burden had the greater impact on no reflow (OR95%CI = 3.83 [2.77–5.29], p < 0.0001 and 3.69 [2.39–5.68], p < 0.0001, respectively). Conclusion Our meta-analysis reveals that initial TIMI flow ≤1 and high thrombus burden are the most impacted no reflow risk factors.

Modulation of paraoxonase activity (PON)-1 by xanthone in sub chronic exposure of orgnophosphate: Antioxidant in dichorvos intoxicity

This research aims to find out the levels of xanthone in mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) and to prove the ability of xanthone in modulating the activity of paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), reduce oxidized-low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and increase the levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) serum in animal model with organophosphat subchronic and subcutaneous exposure. This research is a true experimental laboratory with in vivo approach to post-test with control group, using 25 animal models of Wistar strain of Rattus novergicus, were exposed to dichlorvos as organophosphates (2 mg/kgBW/day) for 21 days. Those animal models are divided into no exposure group, organophosphate exposure group, and organophosphate exposure plus administration of xanthone groups. The parameters (levels of PON-1, ox-LDL and AChE measured by ELISA Test. The results showed that administration of xanthone significantly increased the levels of AChE, decreased levels of ox-LDL and PON-1.

Ganoderma Lucidum Subchronic Toxicity on The Liver As Anti-oxidant and Anti-inflamatory Agent for Cardivascular Disease

Background: Gonoderma lucidum is claimed to have beneficial health effects, and is developing into a comprehensive form of treatment against cardiovascular disease. Previous studies have successfully proven Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides peptide ability as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent whereby reducing levels of MDA, hs-CRP, H2O2, total cholesterol, foam cells as well as increasing the levels of HDL in experimental testing using Wistar rat (Rattus norvegicus strain wistar) fed with a high-fat diet. In order to develop Gonaderma lucidum polysaccharides peptide as an integral and comprehensive form of treatment against cardiovascular disease, further research regarding the subchronic toxicity on the liver was performed. Objective: To determine the safety profile of liver function in the use of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides peptide through subchronic toxicity studies on experimental animals. Method: The study of subchronic Ganoderma lucidum toxicity was performed using Wistar rat (Rattus novergicus strain wistar). 6 rats/sex/group were given a pure, freeze dried solution of Ganoderma lucidum with dosage ranging from 0,300, 600, 1200 mg/per kg body weight administered via gavage once a day for 90 days. Result : 90 days after the administration of pure, freeze dried Ganoderma lucidum solution with dosages ranging from 300 mg–1200 mg/per kg body weight, there were no observable toxic symptoms in male and female rats. There was no adverse effect on liver function with the administration of the maximum dosage (1200 mg/ per kg body weight). Gross pathology examinations of the rats liver after the maximal dosage of Ganoderma lucidum extract proved to be unremarkable. These findings are supported by the results of clinical pathology and histopathology of liver cells which do not indicate a change in morphology and histopathology of the liver. Conclusion: The result of this study shows that oral administration of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides peptide until the maximum dose of 1200 mg/per kg body weight/day does not cause toxic effects in the liver.

Study of the inhibition effect of ethanolic extract of mangosteen pericarp on atherogenesis in hypercholesterolemic rat

Objective To investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of mangosteen pericarp (EEMP) through lipid profile, H2O2, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) measurement in hypercholesterolemic rat.

Exploration of Adhesion Molecule Expression in Cardiac Muscle of Early Atherosclerosis Dyslipidemic Sprague Dawley Rats

Objective: This study is aimed to examine the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in cardiac tissue of dyslipidemic Sprague Dawley rats. Methods: Eight Sprague Dawley strain rats, with 150-200 gram body weight, were divided into two groups. The control group was fed a standard diet, the positive control group was fed a high-fat diet as our previous study for 8 weeks. The pattern of distribution of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in cardiac muscle cell was examined by immunofluorescence and observed with a confocal laser scanning microscope. Lipid profile was also examined at the end of the study. Result: Independent t-test showed no differences in ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in cardiac muscle of hypercholesterol-diet-fed Sprague Dawley rat compared to control. Conclusion: The expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in cardiac muscle did not change after the onset of atherosclerosis.

Darapladib inhibits atherosclerosis development in type 2 diabetes mellitus Sprague-Dawley rat model

Abstract Objective. Increase in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level in diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis is related to lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2). Lp-PLA2 is an enzyme that produces lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) and oxidized nonesterified fatty acids (oxNEFA). LysoPC regulates inflammation mediators, including intra-cellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Darapladib is known as a Lp-PLA2 specific inhibitor. The aim of this study was to reveal the effect of darapladib on the foam cell number, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and ICAM-1 expression in aorta at early stages of the atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus Sprague-Dawley rat model. Methods. Thirty Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 3 main groups: control, rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and T2DM rats treated with darapladib (T2DM-DP). Each group was divided into 2 subgroups according the time of treatment: 8-week and 16-week treatment group. Fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance, and lipid profile were measured and analyzed to ensure T2DM model. The foam cells number were detected using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and the expression of iNOS and ICAM-1 was analyzed using double immunofluorescence staining. Results. Induction of T2DM in male Sprague-Dawley rats after high fat diet and streptozotocin injection was confirmed by elevated levels of total cholesterol and LDL and increased fasting glucose and insulin levels compared to controls after both times of treatment. Moreover, T2DM in rats induced a significant increase (p<0.05) in the foam cells number and iNOS and ICAM-1 expression in aorta compared to controls after both treatment times. Darapladib treatment significantly reduced (p<0.05) foam cells number as well as iNOS expression in aorta in rats with T2DM after both treatment times. A significant decrease (p<0.05) in ICAM-1 expression in aorta was observed after darapladib treatment in rats with T2DM only after 8 weeks of treatment. Conclusion. Our data indicate that darapladib can decrease the foam cells number, iNOS, and ICAM-1 expression in aorta at the early stages of atherosclerosis in T2DM rat model.

The inhibitory effects of polysaccharide peptides (PsP) of Ganoderma lucidum against atherosclerosis in rats with dyslipidemia

Background Atherosclerosis occurs as a result of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) deposits oxidation. Endothelial dysfunction is an early process of atherosclerosis. Restoring endothelial lining back to normal by endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) is critical for slowing or reversing vascular disease progression. Oxidative stress from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is increased in dyslipidemia so that antioxidant agent is required to prevent destruction of blood vessels. Objectives This study aims to report Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide (PsP) effects in atherogenic process by measuring H2O2 level, IL-10 level, and EPC number in blood serum, and also intima-media thickness of aorta in dyslipidemia Wistar rat model by giving them a hypercholesterol diet (HCD). Materials and methods The study was an experimental in vivo post-test with control group design. Thirty-five Wistar rats (Rattus norwegicus) were divided into five groups (normal diet group, HCD group, and hypercholesterol groups that received 50 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg bodyweight PsP). Results Each treatment group showed significant results for the administration of PsP using the one-way analysis of variance test (p<0.050) for the reduction of H2O2 (p = 0.003), levels of IL-10 (p = 0.027), number of EPC in the blood serum (p = 0.011), and the intima-media thickness of the aorta (p = 0.000). PsP from G. lucidum is a potent antioxidant and may prevent atherogenesis process in patients with dyslipidemia. Conclusions The optimum doses of PsP in this study is 300 mg/kg bodyweight. Further studies are required to determine the antioxidant effects of PsP G. lucidum and its benefits in the management of dyslipidemia.

Subchronic Toxicity Effect of Cardioprotective Potential of Ganodermalucidum for the Heart

Background: The heart is a vital organ of the body. Although it is not a common target organ, this organ can be damaged by various chemical substances. Ganodermalucidumis a polysaccharide peptide which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties to inhibit the progressivity of atherosclerosis as a cardiovascular disease related to oxidative stress and inflammatory process. In many cases, it is still contradictive with recommendations provided in guidelines. Objective: To study the subchronic toxicity effect of Ganodermalucidumas polysaccharide peptide to the heart of the studied animals. Methods: This study was an in vivo laboratory experiment using post test with control group approach and used 48 Rattusnovergicus Wistar strain. The dose of PSP used was 300 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg, and 1200 mg/kg. Thesubacute toxicity test was aimed to observe the anatomical and histopathological changes as the consequence of substance administration in various dose. Result: At day 90 after the administration of pure extract of Ganodermallucidum(freeze dried) with the dose of 300 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg, and 1200 mg/kg in male and female rats, no significant toxic symptoms was found. This finding was supported with the result of histopathological examination of the cardiac cells which shown no morphological or histopathological changes. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study showed that oral administration of polysaccharide peptide (Ganodermalucidum) at a dose of 300 mg/kg, 600 mg/kgand up to a dose of 1200 mg/kg was not found signs of toxicity to the heart.

Subchronic Toxicity Effect on Lung Organ Using Polysaccharide Peptide (Ganoderma lucidum) As Comprehensive Management Efforts for Atherosclerotic Heart Disease

Background: Polysaccharide Peptide (Ganoderma lucidum) are antioxidants and anti-inflammatory that is effective in inhibiting the progression of atherosclerosis as cardiovascular disease are very closely linked to the incidence of oxidative stress and inflammatory processes. Research before this proved the ability to significantly reduce the levels of MDA, hs-CRP, H2O2, total cholesterol and foam cells and to increase HDL levels in experimental animals Rattus novergicus Wistar strain were given a high-fat diet. Furthermore, to develop their potential in a comprehensive treatment of cardiovascular disease, then further research subkronik toxicity of polysaccharide peptide. Objective: To determine whether the polysaccharide peptide (Ganoderma lucidum) has subchronic toxicity effects on pulmonary organs experimental animals. Methods: Subchronic toxicity test Rattus novergicus Wistar strain, 6 rats/sex/group given pure solution (freeze dried) Ganoderma lucidum doses of 0, 300, 600, 1200 mg/kg personde once daily for 90 days. Results: Until the 90th day after the administration of pure extract of Ganoderma lucidum (freeze dried) dose of 300 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg and 1200 mg/kg in male and female rats, observed no significant toxic symptoms. Giving pure solution Ganoderma lucidum (freeze dried) to rank dose of 1200 mg/kg did not affect the respiratory system. Similarly, gross pathologic examination of the pulmonary organs up to a dose of 1200 mg/kg body weight change was not obtained. This finding is supported by the results of histopathological examination of the lung cells showed no morphological changes and histopathology. In contrast, administration of Ganoderma lucidum dose of 1200 mg/kg body weight can improve granulomas due to chronic inflammation. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that oral administration of polysaccharide peptide (Ganoderma lucidum) up to a dose of 1200 mg/kg/day was not found signs of toxicity in the lung. Instead it was found that oral administration of polysaccharide peptide dose of 1200 mg/kg/day may improve due to chronic inflammatory granuloma.

Effect Of Antioxidant And Anti Inflammation on Subchronic Toxicity Administration Of Ganoderma Lucidum Target Organ Kidney in Cardiovascular Diseases

Background: Ganodermalucidum was developed as a comprehensive approach for cardiovascular diseases. Efforts to develop polysaccharide peptide(Ganodermalucidum) as antioxidant and antiinflammation in previous studies had proved its ability to significantly reduce the level of MDA, hs-CRP, H2O2, total cholesterol, and foam cell and also increase the level of HDL in Rattusnovergicuswistar strain rats which was givenhigh fat diet. Furthermore, additional study has to be done to understandthe toxicity effect of subchronic administration of polysaccharide peptide (Ganodermalucidum). Objective: To understand the safety profile of renal function in the use of polysaccharide peptide (Ganodermalucidum) through subchronic toxicity test in animals. Methods: Subchronic toxicity test in RattusnovergicusWistar strain rats, with 6 rats/sex/group was given pure solution (freeze dried) of Ganodermalucidum with the dose of 0, 300, 600, 1200 mg/kgBB using feeding tubeonce a day for 90 days. Result: Until the 90th day after administration ofpure extract of Ganodermalucidum (freeze dried) with the dose of 300,600,1200 mg/kgBB in male and female rats, there was no toxic symptoms and did not affect the target organ kidney. The gross pathology and histopathology examination of the kidney showed no morfological and histopathology abnormality finding. Conclusion: There was no toxicity effect to the target organ kidney in subchronic oral administration of polysaccharide peptide(Ganodermalucidum) up to the dose of 1200 mg/kgBB/day.