Thais de Campos

Genome-Wide Analysis of Secondary Metabolite Gene Clusters in Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Reveals a Fujikurin-Like Gene Cluster with a Putative Role in Infection

The emergence of new microbial pathogens can result in destructive outbreaks, since their hosts have limited resistance and pathogens may be excessively aggressive. Described as the major ecological incident of the twentieth century, Dutch elm disease, caused by ascomycete fungi from the Ophiostoma genus, has caused a significant decline in elm tree populations (Ulmus sp.) in North America and Europe. Genome sequencing of the two main causative agents of Dutch elm disease (Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi), along with closely related species with different lifestyles, allows for unique comparisons to be made to identify how pathogens and virulence determinants have emerged. Among several established virulence determinants, secondary metabolites (SMs) have been suggested to play significant roles during phytopathogen infection. Interestingly, the secondary metabolism of Dutch elm pathogens remains almost unexplored, and little is known about how SM biosynthetic genes are organized in these species. To better understand the metabolic potential of O. ulmi and O. novo-ulmi, we performed a deep survey and description of SM biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in these species and assessed their conservation among eight species from the Ophiostomataceae family. Among 19 identified BGCs, a fujikurin-like gene cluster (OpPKS8) was unique to Dutch elm pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that orthologs for this gene cluster are widespread among phytopathogens and plant-associated fungi, suggesting that OpPKS8 may have been horizontally acquired by the Ophiostoma genus. Moreover, the detailed identification of several BGCs paves the way for future in-depth research and supports the potential impact of secondary metabolism on Ophiostoma genus’ lifestyle.

Relação da idade na presença de bactérias resistentes a antimicrobianos em rebanhos leiteiros no Rio Grande do Sul

Bovine mastitis is an important disease in dairy cattle due to its high incidence and economic losses associated mainly with reduced milk production and treatment costs. The use of antimicrobials to treat clinical cases and at dry off raises the concern of selection of resistant bacterial strains. This may also reflect on public health, since resistant bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), may be transmitted to humans by direct contact with infected animals or by dairy products. The resistance of bacteria to antimicrobials has risen, in general, due to ineffective therapy. Studies in Brazil with non-random samples show increase in resistance pattern, mainly in S. aureus. The exposition to repeated antimicrobial treatment throughout the consecutive lactations of cows may be a predisposing factor to development of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria that infect the udder. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the possible causal association between antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from bovine udder milk and animal data such as age and lactation period. Milk samples were collected from 21 randomly selected dairy herds from Rio Grande do Sul, southernmost Brazilian state, from the target population of 1656 semi-intensive dairy farms, stratified by her size. The sample unit was considered the bacteria, and for the prevalence estimation a frequency of 35% Staphylococcus sp. penicillin resistant; an absolute precision of 12%; and 90% confidence level were used. Bacteria were isolated from composite milk samples obtained from all quarters of each cow after discarding the initial three or four streams of milk. To access potential risk factors, animal characteristics were obtained through an interview with the producers. Laboratory tests were done according to National Mastitis Council recommendations. A total of 242 isolates was obtained from 195 cows out of 251 cows sampled. The prevalence of animal infections was described in groups according to the epidemiological profile: environmental, contagious and other bacteria. These were 57.3%, 26.3% and 11.2%, respectively of the sampled animals. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests against 12 different antimicrobials were performed in 159 isolates. Altogether, 30% of the isolates tested showed resistance to at least three different antimicrobial groups and were classified as multidrug-resistant. Higher frequencies of resistance were observed against ampicillin to coagulase-negative staphylococci, followed by erythromycin to coagulase-positive staphylococci and tetracycline to streptococci. The logistic regression analysis showed a significant relationship between age of the cows and presence of multidrug-resistant coagulase-positive staphylococci and distribution of different class of bacteria, suggesting a competition dynamic throughout the ages (p < 0.05). Animals with three to four years old had 13.7 times more chances (IC95% 1.4 - 130.2; p = 0,02) to have multidrug-resistant coagulase-positive staphylococci compared to those with two to three years. Time of exposure to infectious agents and consequent therapies suggests a greater chance of udders colonization by resistant pathogens due to repeatedly selection pressure during lifetime.