Daniel Santos Paim

Perfil de resistência a antimicrobianos de grupos clonais de Staphylococcus aureus isolados de pequenas propriedades leiteiras do sul do Brasil

Girardini L.K., Paim D.S., Ausani T.C., Lopes G.V., Pellegrini D.C.P., Brito M.A.V.P. & Cardoso M. 2016. Antimicrobial resistance profiles of Staphylococcus aureus clusters on small dairy farms in southern Brazil. Pesquisa Vetrinária Brasileira 36(10):951956. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. E-mail: mcardoso@ufrgs.br In intensive dairy farming, persistent intramammary infection has been associated with specific Staphylococcus (S.) aureus strains, and these strains may be resistant to antimicrobials. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of S. aureus isolates and to assess the distribution and the persistence of clonal groups in small dairy herds of southern Brazil. Milk samples were collected from all lactating cows from 21 dairy farms over a two-year period, totaling 1,060 samples. S. aureus isolates were tested for susceptibility to thirteen antimicrobials using the disk diffusion method. The total DNA of the isolates was subjected to SmaI digestion followed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Banding patterns differing by ≤4 bands were considered members of a single PFGE cluster. The frequency of S. aureus isolation ranged from 3.45% to 70.59% among the 17 S. aureus-positive herds. Most S. aureus isolates (87.1%) were susceptible to all antimicrobials; resistance to penicillin (18.2%) was the most frequently observed. The 122 isolates subjected to macrorestriction analysis were classified into 30 PFGE-clusters. Among them, only 10 clusters were intermittent or persistent over the two-year period. The majority (93.6%) of isolates belonging to persistent and intermittent clusters were susceptible to all tested antimicrobials. S. aureus intramammary colonization in small dairy farms of southern Brazil is most frequently caused by sporadic PFGE clusters, although some persistent clusters can arise over time. Both sporadic and persistent isolates were highly susceptible to antimicrobials.

Relação da idade na presença de bactérias resistentes a antimicrobianos em rebanhos leiteiros no Rio Grande do Sul

Bovine mastitis is an important disease in dairy cattle due to its high incidence and economic losses associated mainly with reduced milk production and treatment costs. The use of antimicrobials to treat clinical cases and at dry off raises the concern of selection of resistant bacterial strains. This may also reflect on public health, since resistant bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), may be transmitted to humans by direct contact with infected animals or by dairy products. The resistance of bacteria to antimicrobials has risen, in general, due to ineffective therapy. Studies in Brazil with non-random samples show increase in resistance pattern, mainly in S. aureus. The exposition to repeated antimicrobial treatment throughout the consecutive lactations of cows may be a predisposing factor to development of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria that infect the udder. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the possible causal association between antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from bovine udder milk and animal data such as age and lactation period. Milk samples were collected from 21 randomly selected dairy herds from Rio Grande do Sul, southernmost Brazilian state, from the target population of 1656 semi-intensive dairy farms, stratified by her size. The sample unit was considered the bacteria, and for the prevalence estimation a frequency of 35% Staphylococcus sp. penicillin resistant; an absolute precision of 12%; and 90% confidence level were used. Bacteria were isolated from composite milk samples obtained from all quarters of each cow after discarding the initial three or four streams of milk. To access potential risk factors, animal characteristics were obtained through an interview with the producers. Laboratory tests were done according to National Mastitis Council recommendations. A total of 242 isolates was obtained from 195 cows out of 251 cows sampled. The prevalence of animal infections was described in groups according to the epidemiological profile: environmental, contagious and other bacteria. These were 57.3%, 26.3% and 11.2%, respectively of the sampled animals. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests against 12 different antimicrobials were performed in 159 isolates. Altogether, 30% of the isolates tested showed resistance to at least three different antimicrobial groups and were classified as multidrug-resistant. Higher frequencies of resistance were observed against ampicillin to coagulase-negative staphylococci, followed by erythromycin to coagulase-positive staphylococci and tetracycline to streptococci. The logistic regression analysis showed a significant relationship between age of the cows and presence of multidrug-resistant coagulase-positive staphylococci and distribution of different class of bacteria, suggesting a competition dynamic throughout the ages (p < 0.05). Animals with three to four years old had 13.7 times more chances (IC95% 1.4 - 130.2; p = 0,02) to have multidrug-resistant coagulase-positive staphylococci compared to those with two to three years. Time of exposure to infectious agents and consequent therapies suggests a greater chance of udders colonization by resistant pathogens due to repeatedly selection pressure during lifetime.